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A. Auld et al. Figure2. FlowdiagramoftheORCmodel. A pinch point analysis is carried out using straight line approximations of both source heat and working fluid TH profiles. The temperature difference between the maximum cycle temperature possible, T3;max 1⁄4 TS;H DTP;H, and the tem- perature at the liquid saturation point ðTsatÞ divided by the en- thalpy change of the working fluid between these points defines a gradient ð‘Þ, calculated by Figure 3. Example T H profiles of the heat source and ORC fluid. ORC fluid is R134a at TIP 1⁄4 16.95 bar and m_ O 1⁄4 11:99 kg=s. Heat source fluid is water, m_ S 1⁄4 33:39 kg=s and TS;H 1⁄4 73:33. This gradient determines the location of the pinch point. If the TH gradient of the heat source fluid, dT=dH, is shallower than ‘, then the pinch point must be at the hot end of the heat ex- changer. If the TH profile of the source heat is steeper than ‘, the location of the pinch point must be at the cold end or at the liquid saturation point of the working fluid. The precise location of the pinch point can easily be determined by comparing the two gradients. The pinch point analysis allows the specific enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) of the ORC fluid at inlet and exit to the heat exchangers, h2 and h3, to be determined (see Points 2 and 3 in Figure 1). m_ O was set to 60% of m_ S in all calculations as discussed previously. Once h2 and h3 are known, the heat input to the ORC cycle, QH, and the enthalpy of the heat source fluid at exit from the heat exchanger, hS;C, can be determined from the steady flow energy equation (SFEE, Equation 2), QH 1⁄4m_Oðh3 h2Þ1⁄4m_SðhS;H hS;CÞ; ð2Þ where hS,H and hS,C are the specific enthalpies of source, heat and cold sides, respectively. An identical pinch point analysis is used to calculate the con- denser heat exchange process in the model. The enthalpy flux of the heat sink cooling flow is calculated from the input para- meters: m_ C, PC and TC;C; where C is the condenser. The conden- ser pinch point temperature difference ðDTP;CÞ is sufficient to be able to determine the enthalpy of the working fluid at condenser exit ðh1Þ for any value of working fluid enthalpy at the condenser inlet ðh4Þ, from the SFEE. The fluid in the cool side of the condenser is water in the calculations presented in this paper. The inlet temperature of the cooling water was fixed at 8WC, and its mass flow rate was fixed at 5m_ O in all cases. The cooling water inlet temperature is representative of a cold water supply in the UK. ‘ 1⁄4 T3;max Tsat ; ð1Þ m_ Oðh3;max hliquid;satÞ i12 International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2013, 8, i9–i18 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/8/suppl_1/i9/771990 by guest on 13 January 2021PDF Image | Organic Rankine cycles in waste heat recovery
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