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Chapter 3: Experimental setups Cross-checking and redundancies Experimental research is an open door to many measurement issues, such as sensor malfunction, bad calibration or operating mistakes on the user side. It is therefore very important to install as many redundancies in the measurements as possible to cross-check the results and detect problems at an early stage of the experimental campaign. On the present test bench, redundancies include secondary fluids flow rate and temperature measurements, redundant pressure sensors (e.g. the use of two absolute and one differential pressure sensors on the expander), and the use of several temperature sensors on the same refrigerant line. Figure 12 illustrates this with the heat balance across the evaporator: Q ̇a is the heat flow measured on the air side and Q ̇f is the heat flow measured on the refrigerant side. The subscript hx1 refers to the first of the three heat exchanger composing the evaporator. Likewise, hx12 refers to the two first Figure 12: Heat balance over the evaporator heat exchangers and hx123 to the whole evaporator. The points where a two- phase flow is present between two heat exchangers were excluded since the enthalpy cannot be calculated. An error lower than 4% on the heat balance is stated for all the point except one. The error is relatively low and can be explained by non-considered effects such as ambient heat losses. The same analysis is performed on the condenser side, and a maximum error of 4.5% is obtained. When cross-checking the additional redundancies, an error lower or slightly higher than the inaccuracy of the considered sensor (Table 5) was obtained for all points. The flow rate measurement can also be compared to the theoretical flow rate of the pump, given by: 8PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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