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Chapter 3: Experimental setups This statement explains the apparent very high subcooling after the condenser: the measured pressure is actually the sum of two partial pressures (the partial pressure of vapor and that of the air). The "measured" saturation temperature, the one indicated in Figure 15, corresponds to that saturation temperature at the measured pressure: Tsat,meas=Tsat(p=pex,cd ,meas) (10) However, the real saturation temperature is the one corresponding to the partial pressure of the refrigerant: Tsat,part=Tsat(p=pf ,part,ex,cd) (11) with pex,cd,meas=pf,part,ex,cd+pair,part,ex,cd For most tests, the partial pressure of air was comprised between 0.5 and 1.1 bar. This effect was only stated in the condenser, not in the evaporator because non-condensable gases are carried by the main flow to the condenser, where they accumulate because of the condensation of the working fluid. It is therefore in the condenser that the highest concentration of non-condensable gases can be detected. 3 Improved ORC test bench 3.1 Description To improve the performance of the first prototype described in section 2 , a few modifications are performed on its design. This modified test bench allows testing alternative configurations, new working conditions and working fluids, improving the operational experience gained on such cycles. A schematic representation of the modified test bench is provided in Figure 16. Working fluid. HCFC-123 is a refrigerant with a non-null Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP). Therefore, it is progressively being phased out on the basis of the Montreal protocol. The definitive phasing out is planned for 2030. In this new test bench, HCFC-123 is replaced by HFC-245fa, which is a very common working fluid in ORC applications. Liquid receiver. In the same manner as in refrigeration cycles, the refrigerant charge imposes the subcooling at the condenser exhaust: more fluid involves a higher liquid level in the heat exchangers and therefore more space for the subcooling zone. To reduce the subcooling, the refrigerant charge had to be adjusted manually to its minimum value for each new working point of the first version of the test bench. A good solution consists in using a liquid receiver after the condenser: it imposes a saturated liquid state at this point and thus a null subcooling (at least in steady-state). Variations of the liquid level in the heat exchangers are compensated by a variation of the liquid level in the liquid receiver. The installed liquid receiver is a refrigeration 12PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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