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Chapter 4: Modeling Summary. This chapter presents two different types of models. These models, although applied to same ORC components, are very different in terms of modeling platform and paradigms. The first group of models is defined for steady-state conditions. These models are suitable for sizing problems, system performance evaluation, or cycle optimization problems. The second group of models is defined for transient conditions. This type of model is suitable for dynamic control issues, or to estimate the cycle performance under transient heat source conditions. 1 Introduction Although many studies showed the influence of the working fluid thermodynamic properties on the ORC performances, only a few papers present detailed simulation models of the ORC, accounting for the characteristics of each component of the cycle: (E. H. Kane, 2002) proposed a semi-empirical model of a small scale ORC with 3-zones heat exchangers, and a scroll expander model accounting for friction losses, intake throttling and internal leakage. This model was used to conduct a thermoeconomic optimization on the system. (McMahan, 2006) proposed a detailed model and an optimization of the ORC cycle for solar applications. (Wei et al., 2008) proposed a dynamic model of a 100 KWe ORC, focusing mainly on the heat exchangers and using empirical laws for the pump and for the expander. (Jing, Gang, & Jie, 2010a) developed a model of an ORC cycle using HCFC-123 as working fluid and coupled to CPC collectors: the predicted overall efficiency was about 7.9% for a solar insolation of 800 W/m2 and an evaporating temperature of 147°C. They also focused on the ambient heat losses of scroll expanders, and obtained, through simulations and measurements, an ambient heat transfer coefficient of about 15 W/m2K (Jing et al., 2011). Most of the above mentioned studies show that the ORC efficiency is significantly improved by inclusion of a recuperator, of cascaded cycles, or of reheating. However, these models were never fully validated with a detailed set of experimental data. In this work the semi-empirical approach proposed by E. H. Essentially, all models are wrong, But some are useful George E. P. Box 1PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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