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Chapter 4: Modeling where Δp0 is the minimum pressure drop below which the polynomial is applied instead of the quadratic law. The final model parameters are presented in Figure 62. 4 Conclusions In this chapter, different models have been proposed, developed and validated. The experimental campaigns on the different test rigs allowed quantifying the main thermo-physical phenomena influencing the performance of ORC systems and their components. They also allowed pointing out different auxiliary or parasitic phenomena decreasing the cycle efficiency. Starting from that experience, semi-empirical steady-state models have been proposed. These models do not pretend to represent all the phenomena in a deterministic way, but propose a more empirical approach: a single parameter lumps one type of irreversibility in one particular location, even though this irreversibility occurs in the whole component. One parameter is defined for each type of irreversibility. These parameters should then be identified with the experimental results, which was successfully achieved. The model of the global ORC cycle was obtained by interconnecting the submodels of each component. It was shown that this approach leads to an acceptable error on the prediction of the output power, lower than 10%. An illustration of the utility of such a global ORC model was then proposed to optimize the working conditions of one particular working point. Efficiency maps were generated to evaluate the performance of the components in part- load conditions. Steady state models are useful for cycle optimization problems, but they cannot be used to evaluate the cycle performance under highly transient conditions, nor can they be utilized for defining a proper control strategy. Dynamic models of each component have therefore been developed, based on the steady-state models. To ensure the robustness of the simulation, the models have however been simplified: the expanders were model by efficiency curves and the heat transfer and pressure correlations have been simplified. The numerical issues linked to the development of such models have been described and strategies have been developed to propose component models that are robust and efficient enough to be integrated into a more general/complex model of an ORC system. 37PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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