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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization Where we cannot invent, we may at least improve Charles Caleb Colton Summary. Starting from the experience gained in the experimental campaigns and the steady-state models developed in Chapter 4, this chapter provides more general guidelines for fluid selection and cycle optimization. The first part presents general rules for optimizing ORC cycles within imposed constraints (generally related to the heat source and sink). The second part presents three different fluid selection methodologies. The discussion that follows compares these methodologies and provides guidelines and conditions for their optimal usage. The analysis proposed in this chapter is not constrained to the small-scale ORC systems described in the previous sections. 1 Introduction Selection of working fluids has been treated in a large amount of scientific publications. Most of the time, these works propose a comparison between a set of candidate working fluids in terms of thermodynamic performance and based on a thermodynamic model of the cycle. Since the optimal working conditions are closely linked to the selected working fluid, an optimization must be performed for each screened medium. The first part of this chapter thus aims at defining guidelines for optimizing the working conditions. In the second part, state of the art literature regarding working fluid selection is summarized. Two new fluid selection methodologies are then proposed, in an attempt to go one step further: the operating map approach and the thermoeconomic approach. When selecting the most appropriate working fluid, the following guidelines and indicators should be taken into account: 1. Thermodynamic performance: the efficiency and/or output power should be as high as possible for given heat source and heat sink temperatures. This performance depends on a number of interdependent thermodynamic properties of the working fluid: critical point, acentric factor, specific heat, density, etc. It is uneasy to define 1PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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