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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization an optimum for each specific thermodynamic property independently. The solution consists in simulating the cycle with a thermodynamic model and compare the fluids in terms of cycle efficiency and/or output power. 2. Positive or isentropic saturation vapor curve. As previously detailed in the case of water, a negative saturation vapor curve (“Wet” fluid) leads to droplets at the end of the expansion. The vapor must therefore be superheated at the turbine inlet to avoid turbine damages. In the case of positive saturation vapor curve (“Dry” fluid), a recuperator can be used in order to increase cycle efficiency. This is illustrated in Figure 63 with isopentane, R11 and R12. 3. High vapor density: this parameter is of key importance, especially for fluids showing a very low condensing pressure (e.g. silicon oils). A low density leads to a higher volume flow rate: the pressure drops in the heat exchangers are increased, and the size of the expander must be increased. This has a non-negligible impact on the cost of the system. It should however be noted that larger volume flow rates might allow the design of turboexpanders, for which the size is not a crucial parameter. 4. Low viscosity: a low viscosity both in the liquid and vapor phases is required to maintain high heat transfer coefficients and low friction losses in the heat exchangers. 5. High conductivity is required to obtain a high heat transfer coefficient in the heat exchangers. 6. Acceptable evaporating pressure: as already stated with water, high pressures usually lead to higher investment costs and increased complexity. 7. Positive condensing gauge pressure: the low pressure should be higher than the atmospheric pressure in order to avoid air infiltration in the cycle. 8. High stability temperature: unlike water, organic fluids usually suffer chemical deteriorations and decomposition at high temperatures. The maximum heat source temperature is therefore limited by the chemical stability of the working fluid. 9. The melting point should be lower than the lowest ambient temperature through the year to avoid the freezing of the working fluid. 10.High safety level: Safety includes two main parameters: the toxicity and the flammability. The ASHRAE Standard 34 classifies refrigerants in safety groups and can be used for the evaluation of a fluid3. 11.Low Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP): The ozone depleting potential is measured with comparison to the ODP of the R11, set to the unity. The ODP of current refrigerants is either null either very close to zero, since 3 It contains a character (A: Lower Toxicity; B: Higher Toxicity) and a number (1: No flame propagation; 2: Lower flammability; 3: Higher Flammability). For example, HCFC-123 is classified as B1, i.e. higher toxicity – no flame propagation. 2PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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