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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization non-null ODP fluids are progressively being phased out by the Montreal Protocol. 12.Low Greenhouse Warming Potential (GWP): GWP is measured with comparison to the GWP of CO2, set to the unity. Although some refrigerants can reach a GWP value as high as 1000, there is no legislation restricting the use of high GWP fluids. 13.Good availability and low cost: Fluids already used in refrigeration or in the chemical industry are easier to obtain and more cost-effective. Figure 63: Examples of isentropic, wet and dry fluids While fluid selection studies in the scientific literature cover a broad range of working fluids, only a few fluids are actually used in commercial ORC power plants. These fluids are the following, classified in terms of critical temperature (Sylvain Quoilin & Lemort, 2009): HFC-134a: HFC-245fa: n-pentane: Solkatherm: OMTS: Toluene: Used in geothermal power plants or in very low temperature waste heat recovery. Low temperature working fluid, mainly used in waste heat recovery Used in the only commercial solar ORC power plant in Nevada. Other applications include waste heat recovery and medium temperature geothermy. Waste heat recovery CHP power plants Waste heat recovery In general, the selected fluid shows a critical temperature slightly higher than the target evaporation temperature: if the evaporation is taken too far away from the critical temperature – for example if toluene (Tc = 319°C) is evaporated at 100°C – the vapor density is very low in both the high and low pressure sides, which causes high pressure drops and the need for bigger components. 3PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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