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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization subcooled. It can then be concluded that the condenser exhaust subcooling is imposed by the refrigerant charge. It should be noted that in most ORC systems, saturation conditions (null subcooling) are obtained by the addition of a liquid receiver after the condenser, which absorbs the refrigerant charge fluctuations. Condensing pressure. The condenser supply temperature and subcooling are imposed by the expander and by the refrigerant charge, respectively. The condenser heat flow rate is thus imposed. The condensing temperature is fixed by the pinch value (reflecting the heat exchanger effectiveness) and the cooling fluid temperature at the pinch point: decreasing the pinch will lead to lower condensing temperature pressure. The same effect is stated if the cooling fluid temperature is decreased. Pressure drops. Pressure drops are mainly a function of the heat exchanger geometrical characteristics and of the flow rate. Optimal operating conditions The operating conditions and the thermodynamic state of the organic Rankine cycle can be defined by four variables: the evaporating temperature, the superheating at the evaporator exhaust, the condensing temperature and the subcooling at the condenser exhaust. In addition to these variables, supplementary parameters accounting for the irreversibilities in the cycle can be added: expander and pump efficiencies, pressure drops, pinch points. As a general rule, the following criteria should be fulfilled: ➢ The condensing pressure should be maintained as low as possible. ➢ The superheating at the evaporator exhaust should be as low as possible. ➢ The subcooling at the condenser exhaust should be null or as low as possible. ➢ The optimal evaporation temperature results of an optimization of the overall efficiency (see below). Consequently, the main control variable in the cycle is the evaporating temperature since the condensing pressure, the superheating and the subcooling should be maintained as low as possible. Two cases can be distinguished while optimizing the evaporation temperature: a sensible heat source, or a constant-temperature heat source. Sensible heat source In this work "sensible heat source" refers to a thermal heat source that is fully exploited if its temperature is decreased down to the ambient (or reference) temperature. This is typically the case for waste heat sources or ICE exhaust gases: the full potential of the heat source is recovered if the temperature of the hot stream is minimum after the heat recovery process. For example, if a hot air heat source at 200°C is recovered by means of an ORC, and if its temperature after heat recovery is 50°C, the ambient temperature being 20°C, 5PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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