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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization ASHRAE GWP ODP 34* HFO-1234yf A2 4 0 HFC-134a A1 1300 0 HC-600 A3 20 0 HFC-245fa B1 950 0 HFE-7000 n/a 370 0 SES36 n/a n/a 0 HCFC-123 B1 77 0.02 Tc Pc (oC) (bar) 94.75 33.7 101.1 40.6 HC-601 A3 *ASHRAE Standard 34 – Refrigerant safety group classification. 1: No flame propagation; 2: Lower flammability; 3: Higher Flammability; A: Lower Toxicity; B: Higher Toxicity Table 17: List of considered working fluids 5.3 Thermodynamic model parameters To predict the cycle performance, the steady-state models developed in Chapter 4 are used. However, some models are simplified to get rid of some characteristics linked to specific technologies and propose an analysis as generic as possible. Heat exchangers. In this model, the working conditions are imposed as inputs and the cycle parameters are computed. Therefore, the sizing heat exchanger model developed in section 4.2.2 is used. In single phase, the heat transfer and the pressure are computed according to Thonon’s correlation for corrugated plate heat exchangers (Thonon B., 1995). The boiling heat transfer coefficients and friction factors are estimated by the Hsieh correlation (Hsieh & Lin, 2002), established for the boiling of refrigerant R410a in a vertical plate heat exchanger. The condensation heat transfer coefficient is estimated by the Kuo correlation (Kuo et al., 2005), established in the case of a vertical plate heat exchanger fed with R410A. The imposed parameters of the model are presented in Table 18. All the other parameters are recalculated. 20 0 196.5 33.64 152 154.1 36.4 165 24.8 177.6 28.5 183.7 36.68 37.96 Parameter Description Value 2 mm 45° Hydraulic diameter β Chevron angle Dh Table 18: Heat exchanger model parameters Volumetric expander. Losses inside expansion machines mainly include under and over-expansion, friction, leakage, heat transfers and pressure drops. The relative magnitude of each loss type depends on the volumetric expander technology (scroll, screw, reciprocating, etc.). However one type of losses is common to all these technologies, namely the under and over- expansion losses since they all present an internal built-in volume ratio ( rv,in ). 20PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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