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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization work aims at being as generic as possible, the HTF heat exchanger is not considered because this component depends on the application: in some cases, the heat exchanger can already be present in the process, and its size and configuration can vary, depending on the nature of the heat source. All the heat exchangers are plate heat exchangers. The pump is assumed to be volumetric and the expander is a positive-displacement expander (e.g. scroll, screw). For the present study, the following assumptions are made: ➢ The heat source is exhaust gas at 180 °C, with a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. The heat transfer fluid is TherminolVP-1. ➢ The condenser is cooled with cold water at 15 °C, and a flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. ➢ The superheating at the expander inlet is 5 K ➢ The subcooling after the condenser is 5 K 5.2 Considered Working fluids This method involves performing a numerical optimization for each working fluid. To compare a reasonable amount of working fluids a pre-screening of the fluid candidates is necessary. According to the previous sections, a certain number of working fluids characteristics can be outlined. Fluids with high critical temperature or high boiling point such as toluene and silicone oils are usually used with high temperature heat sources (typically close to 300°C). Hydrocarbons such as pentanes or butanes and refrigerants such as R227ea, HCFC-123, HFC-245fa, and HFE7000 are good candidates for moderate and low temperatures (typically lower than 200°C). The pre-selection is performed according to the following criteria: ➢ The working fluid should have a critical temperature lower than 200°C, since to high critical temperatures lead to low vapor densities. ➢ The selection criteria described in 5.1 should be fulfilled in an acceptable way. For instance, fluids with a very high ODP (close to 1) are rejected. ➢ It should be a well-known working fluid in the ORC field, i.e. a fluid that has been previously studied in the scientific literature (cfr. Table 14) or fluids that are used in commercial ORC power plants. It should be noted that HFC-134a is currently being replaced by HFO-1234yf because of its high Global Warming Potential (GWP). HFE7000 and Solkatherm are announced as replacements for HCFC-123 due to its non-null Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP): the latter is already or will be phased out at the latest in 2030 depending on national legislations. For the present work, it is decided to include the replacement fluids in the analysis as well as the traditional ones to compare their respective performance. The final selection of working fluid candidates is described in Table 17. 19PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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