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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization SIC=CostLabor+CostComponents (76) W ̇ n e t Since WHR sources are cost-free by definition, optimizing this parameter is equivalent to optimizing the profitability of the system if maintenance and insurance annual costs are neglected. In order to obtain the total investment cost, a cost correlation is used for each component of the system and is given in Table 21. Component Dependent variable Expander Volume flow rate V ̇ su, exp (m3/s) Heat exchangers Heat exchange area A (m2) Working fluid pump Electrical power W ̇ pp (W) HTF pump Electrical power W ̇ pp (W) Cost [€] 1.5⋅(225+170⋅V ̇su,exp) 190+310⋅A 900⋅(W ̇ pp/300)0.25 500⋅(W ̇ pp/300)0.25 31.5+16⋅Vol (0.9+0.21⋅dpipe)⋅Lpipe 20⋅M 300 500 0.3⋅TCC Liquid receiver Volume Vol (l) Piping Pipe diameter d pipe (mm) Working fluid Mass M (kg) Miscellaneous hardware / Control system / Labor Total component costs (€) Table 21: Component costs The cost of the expander is based on the cost of hermetic compressors with the same swept volume. To take into account the lower maturity of the expander technology, the cost of the compressor is multiplied by a factor 1.5. The costs used to establish the correlations for the compressor and the heat exchangers are based on the Belgian prices in 2010. The pump cost correlation is an exponential expression, proposed by (Bejan et al., 1996). It shows the advantage of requiring cost data for only one pump, and assumes that this cost can be correlated to the nominal power as single input. For the present analysis, the capacity of the liquid receiver is assumed to be constant at 5 liters. The pipe diameter is calculated by imposing the fluid speed to the values recommended in refrigeration applications: Vex,pp = Vex,cd = 0.6 m/s; Vex,ev = 10 m/s; Vex,exp = 12 m/s (Noack, 1999). The lengths of the liquid, low vapor pressure and high vapor pressure lines are assumed to be 3 meters, 1 meter and 1 meter respectively. The total mass of working fluid in the system is calculated by assuming that the two-phase zone in the heat exchangers is half-filled with liquid, and by assuming that one third of the liquid receiver is filled with liquid. Influence of the working conditions Contrary to the thermodynamic optimization, the thermoeconomic optimization allows defining more cycle parameters than the sole evaporating temperature: the pressure drops and the pinch points on the heat exchangers 24PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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