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Chapter 6: Case studies were obtained with evacuated tube and flat plate collectors respectively. The difference in efficiency was explained by lower collector efficiency (71% for the evacuated tube vs. 55% for the plate technology) and lower collection temperature. Detailed models of such systems are also rare in the scientific literature: (McMahan, 2006) proposed a detailed model and an optimization of the ORC cycle for solar applications, but this model was not coupled to a solar collector model; (Forristall, 2003) proposed a model of the solar collectors validated with the SEGS plants data, independent of a power cycle model. (Jing, Gang, & Jie, 2010b) developed a model of an ORC cycle using HCFC-123 as working fluid and coupled to CPC collectors: the predicted overall efficiency was about 7.9% for a solar insolation of 800 W/m2 and an evaporating temperature of 147°C. E. H. Kane (2002) developed a model of a cascaded ORC using scroll expanders and coupled to a collector model. This model was used to conduct a thermoeconomic optimization on the system. Most of the above mentioned studies show that the ORC efficiency is significantly improved by inclusion of a recuperator, of cascaded cycles, or of reheating (E. H. Kane, 2002, McMahan, 2006, Prabhu, 2006). At present, only one commercial solar ORC power plant is reported in the technical literature: the 1 MWe Saguaro Solar ORC plant in Arizona, USA. This plant uses n-pentane as working fluid and shows an overall efficiency of 12.1%, for a collector efficiency of 59% (Canada, 2004). If medium-scale solar ORCs are already commercially available, work remains to be done for very small-scale units (a few kWe), especially to reduce the specific investment costs and to control the system to avoid the need of an on- site operator. 1.2 System description Researchers at MIT and University of Liège have collaborated with the non- governmental organization STG International for the purpose of developing and implementing a small scale solar thermal technology utilizing medium temperature collectors and an ORC. A first unit was installed by STG in 2007 (Figure 74). The goal is to provide rural areas of developing countries with a system that can be manufactured and assembled locally (unlike PV collectors) and can replace or supplement Diesel generators in off grid areas, by generating clean power at a lower levelized cost (Orosz et al., 2010). At the core of this technology is a solar thermal power plant consisting of a field of parabolic solar concentrating collectors and a vapor expansion power block for generating electricity. An electronic control unit is added for autonomous operation as sub-megawatt scale plants cannot justify the staffing of on-site personnel. Operating at a lower cycle temperatures (<200 °C) is an example of a design tradeoff for maintaining low cost at small scales. For a given level of output power, lower temperatures enable cost savings in the 2PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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