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Touchard 13 made with six bare copper wires 0.7 mm in diameter; the second one used six copper wires of same diameter but covered with a Teflon sheath 1.2 mm in outer diameter; the third one used twelve copper wires 0.25 mm in diameter covered with a PVC sheath 0.6 mm in outer diameter. In the three experiments all the wires were equally spaced on the plate, the distance from one wire to the neighbor was 1 cm for the two first experiments and 0.3 cm for the third one. For the two first experiments using 6 wires, wire No 1 and wire No 4 was connected together to H.V.1, as well No 2 and No 5 to H.V. 2 and No 3 and No 6 to H.V. 3. For the third experiment using twelve wires, No 1, No 4, No 7, No 10 was connected to H.V 1 ; No 2, No 5, No 8, No 11 was connected to H.V2 ; No 3, No 6, No 9, No 12 was connected to H.V. 3. Fig. 49. The different wires used. Visualizations of flows on this actuator have shown acceleration near the plate and vortex generation behind, but the difficulty was to avoid back flow when a wire voltage was higher than its upstream neighbor voltage. Generally speaking, actuators without dielectric barrier have several disadvantages: DC discharges are sometimes unstable and very sensitive to humidity. D. Plasma actuators using a dielectric barrier 1) DielectricBarrierDischarge(DBD)actuator DBD actuators used generally two metallic foils flush mounted on each side of an insulating material (figure 50 and 51). Alternative high voltage is applied between the two electrodes, generating a plasma sheet at each facing edge of the electrodes. Sometimes the lower grounded electrode is embedded in the insulating material in order to avoid electric wind generated under the plate (figure 52). Fig. 51. DBD actuator (side view). A.C. H.V. Fig. 52. DBD actuator with grounded electrode embedded (side view). This actuator produces electric wind whose configuration and magnitude are similar to those of the DC actuator but is more stable and much less sensitive to the humidity. Parametric studies have been made in order to optimize this actuator [39-42] in terms of electric wind velocity. Concerning the geometry of the actuator (figure 53), it is shown that the distance "d" between the two electrodes must be rather small, 0 to 5 mm, the material thickness "e" must not be too small to have a good stability, 2 - 3 mm seems to be convenient, the optimized width of the grounded electrode "l" is equal to the plasma sheet width which depends on voltage amplitude and frequency. The dielectric constant play also a role, the electric wind velocity generated increases with the dielectric constant. Concerning the electrical parameters, the velocity increases with the voltage amplitude and the frequency but reaches asymptotic values. Fig. 53. The different geometrical parameters of a DBD actuator. 2) Slidingdischargeactuator For aerodynamic applications, this actuator has been perfected for the large plasma zone that it can generate. Indeed, with a DBD actuator growing the voltage or sometimes the frequency enlarges the plasma zone and, at the same time, increases the electric wind velocity. Thus, one can expect that bigger the plasma zone is and greater is the electric wind generated. It is composed of three electrodes, generally made of metallic foils flush mounted on the dielectric plate (figure 54 and figure 55). The upper left electrode and the lower electrode furnish a DBD whose the plasma zone can be under certain conditions enlarged toward the upper right electrode [43]. In a typical configuration, the upper left electrode is connected to a DC+AC power supplies; this means that the potential applied to this electrode has two components: an alternative one added to a constant one. It is in fact a periodic voltage which has a non null time- A.C. H.V. bare copper 0.7 mm copper 0.7 mm sheathed with Teflon 1.2mm copper 0.25 mm sheathed with PVC 0.6 mmPDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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