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12 International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology Vol.2, No.1, MARCH 2008 from the other, the thinner wire was connected to a DC high voltage while the bigger one was grounded. Two different flat plates with this actuator have been tested. The first one (figure 45) is a flat plate with a 45° chamfered leading edge and the thinner electrode is placed 7 mm downstream the leading edge. amplifier TREK (0 to ±20 kV , ±20 mA, 20kHz bandwidth) and the other electrode was connected to a DC high voltage supply (-40kV, 3.75 mA). The high voltage amplifier was connected to a function generator. They used square wave starting from 0 V and with a duty cycle of 50%. For an inclination of 19.8° and a 25 m/s flow velocity the boundary layer was totally detached when the actuator was off. Then they put the actuator on. When the maximum voltage on the leading edge electrode was 20 kV with a 50 Hz frequency and – 9 kV on the other electrode they observed a boundary layer totally reattached, although power consumed was relatively small, around 5 W. electrodes A.C. H.V. Fig. 47. Experimental setup performed by R. Sosa and al. C. Three-phase travelling wave actuator This actuator performed by Moreau and al [38] is composed of several sets of 3 wires flush mounted on a flat plate and connected to three high voltage supplies delivering the same high voltage amplitude but with a phase difference ( 2π ) between one to the next one. The 3 goal was to generate a traveling wave able to drift downstream on a flat plate ions generated upstream. The principle of the setup is shown in figure 48 for only one set of electrodes. H.V. Fig. 45. First experimental setup performed by L. Léger and al The second one (figure 46) is a flat plate with a rounded leading edge and the thinner electrode is placed 10 cm from the leading edge. For this configuration the electric wind generated had a maximum velocity at about 1 mm above the plate and reach 3.5 m/s for 1.2 mA/m of current density (current by wire length). In fact, the air flow comes from above the anode and not from upstream. 19.8° H.V. H.V. 3 H.V. 2 H.V. 1 V=V0 cos(ωt-4π/3) V=V0 cos(ωt-2π/3) V=V0 cos(ωt) Fig. 46. Second experimental setup performed by L. Léger and al 10)Two aluminum foil electrodes flush mounted on a NACA 0015 profile Sosa and al performed an actuator placed on a NACA 0015 profile [35-37] made of PMMA. The chord dimension was 200 mm and the wingspan 450 mm. The airfoil profile was placed in a wind tunnel giving a velocity up to 30m/s. The actuator consisted on two aluminum foils flush mounted on the airfoil body (figure47). Each aluminum foil was 15 μm thick and 3.5 mm wide. They covered 85 % of the span and one of them was located at the leading edge while the second one was at 3.6 cm from the first one. The electrode placed on the leading edge was connected to a high voltage Fig. 48. Experimental setup for three phase traveling waves. Three different experiments used three sets of wires electrodes (figure 49) (scale drawing). The first one was -D.C. H.V.PDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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