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Touchard 19 A.C. H.V. 3 A.C. H.V. 1 A.C. H.V. 2 pulse H.V. pulse H.V. Fig. 69. Side view of the actuators. The two lower electrodes were connected to two different AC sources which amplitude was the same (around 3 kV rms) but having different frequencies. The upper electrode was connected to another high voltage source whose amplitude was the same than the two other sources but whose frequency was different. The goal of such device was to perform an oscillating flow. In fact, even if small oscillating flows could be obtained for some frequencies, the effect was lost for low frequency (< 100Hz); furthermore, a mean flow was also generated at the same time and complicated the effect. b)Two alternately energized sets of DBD actuators. This arrangement tested by Jukes [52] was performed in order to reduce turbulent drag by spanwise (in direction perpendicular to the free air stream velocity) flow oscillation. The actuators panel was manufactured from a 250 μm thick Mylar sheet coated with 17 μm thick copper on both sides. Then the copper is photo- chemically etched to make the electrodes. We see in figure 70 a part of the Mylar sheet with 5 set of electrodes. On the upper side (in contact with the air stream) two set of electrodes were etched. On the lower side one set of larger electrodes was etched. A side view of a part of the setup is presented in figure 71. Experiments have been made for several distances between the lower electrodes which was greater than the lower electrodes width, a typical value of this distance was 4 mm. Fig. 71. Side view of the setup for two different voltage connections. Each set of the upper electrodes was alternately connected to the pulse high voltage supply, while the lower electrodes were grounded. The high voltage applied to the upper electrodes was in the form of alternating polarity pulses, around 4 kV in amplitude and had variable duration and frequency. A typical duration pulse was 10 μs, while, what they called the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), was typically 50 kHz (this means that the pulse duration was equal to the zero potential duration). A set of successive alternating polarity pulses composed a train of pulses. The duration of a typical pulses train (they called it Pulse Envelope Duration PED) was typically 5 ms. Frequency of channel switching (what they called the Pulse Envelope Frequency PEF) was typically 20 Hz. In such configuration the duty cycle for the train of pulses was 10%, however the two parameters PED and PEF was controllable. We can see in figure 72 these different parameters. pulse H.V. 1/PEF PED pulse H.V. 1/PRF air stream pulse H.V. +4 kV 0 -4 kV The goal was reached as alternately flow was generated in the near wall region with alternately clockwise and counter-clockwise vortices as it is shown in figure 71. Fig. 70. General view of the setup. Fig. 72. Pulses configuration.PDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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