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applied sciences Article Residue Cost Formation of a High Bypass Turbofan Engine Lugo-Méndez Helen 1 , Castro-Hernández Sergio 2 , Salazar-Pereyra Martín 3 , Valencia-López Javier 1 , Torres-González Edgar Vicente 2 and Lugo-Leyte Raúl 2,* 1 2 3 * Correspondence: lulr@xanum.uam.mx; Tel.: +52-555-804-4600 (ext. 1156) Received: 26 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020 Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana—Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Santa Fé, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05348, Mexico; hlugo@cua.uam.mx (L.-M.H.); jvalencia@cua.uam.mx (V.-L.J.) Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana—Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico; sch@xanum.uam.mx (C.-H.S.); etorres@xanum.uam.mx (T.-G.E.V.) División de Ingeniería Mecatrónica e Industrial, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec, Av. Tecnológico Esq. Av. Hank González, Valle de Anáhuac, Ecatepec 55210, Mexico; msalazar@tese.edu.mx Abstract: The kinetic energy produced by a turbofan engine is inseparable from the unavoidable generation of waste heat dissipated into the environment and the chemical exergy of exhaust gases. However, exergoeconomic cost analyses of these propulsion systems have focused only on the formation process of the functional product and not the cost of residue formation. In this study, symbolic thermoeconomics was applied to evaluate the impact of residue formation on the production costs of a turbofan engine and analyze the effect of component malfunctions on the fuel impact formula for diagnosing anomalies. The GE90-115B high bypass turbofan engine under takeoff conditions and a thrust requirement of 510 kN was considered as a case study. The total exergoeconomic cost of the engine was 26,754.28 USD/h: 61.04% corresponded to external resources; 0.14% and 33.07% corresponded to waste heat dissipated from the bypass and core engine, respectively; 3.28% corresponded to the chemical exergy of the exhaust gases; 2.47% corresponded to capital and operating costs. A malfunction analysis revealed that a 1% reduction in the isentropic efficiency of the compressor reduced the total kinetic exergy by −0.77 MW, increased fuel consumption by 0.49 MW, and generated irreversibility and residue of 0.80 and 0.45 MW, respectively. Keywords: exergoeconomic cost analysis; cost formation of residues; malfunctions; turbofan 1. Introduction The aviation sector contributes significantly to economic growth and an increasingly globalized society [1], but at a cost of 2–3% of total fossil fuel consumption and 2% of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide [2]. In this sector, major priorities are not only to operate with the maximum cost effectiveness, but also to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. Several studies have been conducted in which energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses were applied to aviation propulsion systems as important tools for understanding and optimizing their operation to identify operational, economic, and environmental improvement opportunities [1,3–8]. In these studies, the most frequently used method was specific exergy costing, which is based on algebraic cost balance equations obtained from conventional economic analyses and complemented with auxiliary equations [9]. However, these studies have been conducted with a focus only on the formation of the functional product of aircraft engines (i.e., kinetic exergy) without considering the Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 9060; doi:10.3390/app10249060 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsciPDF Image | Residue Cost Formation of a High Bypass Turbofan Engine
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