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II. ORGANICRANKINECYCLE The work system of the ideal Rankine Cycle in the Temperature-entropy diagram (T-s diagram) as shown in figue 1. (a) (b) Figure 1. Rankine Cycle Schematic (a) ; Rankine Cycle T-s Diagram (b) The working system of the ORC system is shown in Figure 1 and explained below: Process a-b: heat rejection in a condenser. Process b-c: Isentropic compression in a pump. Process c-d: heat addition in a evaporator. Process d-a: isentropic expansion in a turbine. There have been many studies about the Rankine cycle as a cycle used for electricity generation used to generate electricity from the sun's heat. The main components of rankine cycle with solar thermal systems are (1) solar collectors, (2) heat energy storage, and (3) Rankine cycles. As shown in Figure 1 [8]. In the Rankine cycle, saturated liquid water is use as a working fluid, which is then heated to saturated steam. This saturated steam flows through a turbine, where the internal energy in saturated steam was convert into mechanical work to run a power generation system. Not all energy can be use due to losses such as friction, viscosity, etc. Most of the heat energy was channel into the condenser. Then the condensed water returns to the boiler. The heat rejected during condensation of steam in the condenser is channel to a reservoir. Then the heat energy is convert to mechanical motion, or energy, then produces steam pressure at the exit side, which is much lower than the turbine inlet side. Low pressure steam in the turbine at point a is first condensed to liquid at point b and then at point c the liquid pressure is raised in the pump and this high pressure liquid water is then ready to pass through the boiler at point c and be reused. In the Rankine cycle shown in Figure 1. Heat exchangers used are boilers and condensers. Well-designed heat exchangers, hot and cold liquids flow with little pressure loss. Thermal energy from steam into mechanical energy through turbine turns, which runs a generator to produce electrical energy obtained from the Rankine Cycle as a system (Figure 1) [9]. IV. METHODOLOGY Efficiency thermal of ORC will be determined by equation 1 as follow : (1) III. ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE WITH SOLAR COLLECTOR In the organic Rankine cycle with a solar system, the solar collector which acts as an evaporator takes heat energy from the sun to heat the working fluid from the Rankine cycle either directly (Direct Vapor Generation or DVG) and indirectly uses liquid media to conduct heat or Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). As shown in Figure 2. (a) (b) Figure 2. Direct Vapor Generation (DVG) (a) and Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) (b) Most ORC systems with Solar Collector use the HTF system to heat up the working fluid of the ORC. Direct evaporation of working fluid is one of the problems in solar collectors and the way to avoid it is to use HTF technology and if needed this technology can also be used for combining with thermal energy storage systems, however, irreversible HTF in the evaporator is very large. At certain pinpoint temperatures (ΔTPP), if the higher the mass flow rate is HTF, the higher the HTF output temperature. On the other hand, if the HTF mass flow rate is lower, the higher the HTF inlet temperature. So it is hard to reduce the mean temperature of HTF which results in the operation of solar collectors it causes a loss that is efficient reduction at high temperatures rather than operating at low temperatures [10]. On the other hand, DVG technology has several advantages, namely (1) high efficiency can be obtained by increasing the evaporation temperature (2) having low thermal inertia, compared to HTF systems, which reflects the fast start of the system but, which includes DVG disadvantage is a system that has a high sensitivity to the environment that each alternating bright and cloudy period experiences fluctuations in evaporation temperature, which is reflected in the steam flow rate entering the turbine resulting turbine speed have fluctuations[11]. Advances in Engineering Research, volume 190 This method is carried out for the design, manufacture and testing of ORC systems. In this design, there is a scheme or description of the ORC system design that will be made as shown in Figure 3: 39PDF Image | Solar R134A ORC organic rankine cycle
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