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The majority of carbon fibres are produced from a poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) precursor [191], which in turn is produced from propylene and ammonia. The bismuth catalysed ammonia and propylene reaction, patented by the Standard Oil of Ohio Company (SOHIO), produces acrylonitrile as the main product with useful by-products including acetonitrile [192]. The free radical polymerisation of acrylonitrile produces poly(acrylonitrile) [193] which may subsequently be used to form hollow fibres through a range of methods, such as electrospinning [194, 195] or gel-spinning [196]. Once formed, the PAN fibres are then oxidised before being carbonised at approximately 1,000 – 1500 K in an inert atmosphere [197], thereby forming fibres that are highly carbonaceous and low in impurities. The final stage of the carbon fibre production process heats the fibres to 1,773 – 3273 K in an inert atmosphere to allow for crystal realignment to take place, such that the fibre and crystal orientation are parallel [198]. The manufactured fibres are subsequently etched to increase the adhesion between the fibre and the polymer matrix when producing composite material, with research into etching techniques including plasma etching and electrochemical etching [199-201]. The adhesion between the polymer matrix and the carbon fibre is also heavily influenced by the presence, and type, of sizing used and is therefore wide studied in the literature [202-206]. The sizing also protects the carbon fibres during the filament winding process and it is therefore uncommon to obtain un-sized carbon fibres. The composition of the sizing used on industrially manufactured carbon fibres is usually unpublished and not available in the public domain, however, it is possible that during recycling processes the sizing could be removed. Therefore, its contribution to the adhesion of the carbon fibres is of importance to this research. 53PDF Image | Supercritical Fluids and Their Application to the Recycling of High-Performance Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials
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