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Life cycle analysis (LCA) has shown that the energy intensive production process for carbon fibres results in an embodied energy of 183 – 286 MJ kg-1, significantly higher than that of glass fibres (13 – 32 MJ kg-1) and flax fibres (6.5 MJ kg-1) [207]. The high embodied energy coupled with superior mechanical properties of carbon fibres, compared to glass fibres, is reflected in the cost of the fibres. Within the United Kingdom carbon fibre composites account for 2 %v of the domestic market, yet they represent 40 % of the value as of 2012 [208]. The epoxy resins typically used in the manufacture of CFRP’s have an embodied energy of 76 – 80 MJ kg-1 [207]. Given the high mass fractions of fibres used [209], it is therefore evident that the vast majority of the embodied energy of the final product is attributed to the carbon fibres. The inverse situation exists with glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP’s) where the embodied energy of the resin is typically 63 – 78 MJ kg-1, up to several times that of the fibres [207]. Therefore, when considering recycling processes of CFRP’s it is essential to consider the physical properties of the recycled fibres in conjunction with their proposed recycled application, without disregarding the decomposition products of the resin. Variation in manufacturing process parameters leads to the production of carbon fibres with specific attributes, and although the specific manufacturing process details are unpublished for commercial reasons, in general the tensile strength of virgin carbon fibres is in the region of 4.5 – 5.2 GPa [210, 211]. When considering recycling process for CFRP’s the relationship between the tensile properties of virgin fibres and recycled fibres is paramount to understanding the effects of recycling, the destination application of the recycled fibres and in turn influences the LCA of composite materials. Since carbon fibres are not utilised alone and are incorporated into CFRP’s, it is necessary to investigate the manufacturing, properties, applications and end-of-life (EOL) of CFRP’s. Research pertaining 54PDF Image | Supercritical Fluids and Their Application to the Recycling of High-Performance Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials
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