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• turbulenceandtheassociateddecreaseinvelocitybecomemorepro- nounced the more the water temperature diverges from +4°C; • itispossibletoachieveanaccelerationinthecentralflowbyinducinga decrease in water temperature towards +4°C. Fig. 1 shows the exceptionally strong occurrence of turbulence and vor- tices where a hot spring flows into the Tepl near Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary). If the hot spring water is blocked off temporarily, the water in the Tepl flows downstream with considerable velocity due to the pronounced slope of the stream-bed at this spot. After re-introduction of hot spring water, this is reduced immediately to an extraordinary degree. The enormous effect of water temperature on turbulence and velocity can also be observed at a log-flume in Neuberg (Steiermark). Here in a half- round, 2km (1.2 miles) long wooden flume, measurements of temperature and velocity were made during the floatation of timber. In the morning when the water temperature was roughly 9°-10°C (48.2°F - 50°F), a block of wood required about 29 minutes to cover the distance. At midday, with a water temperature of 13°-15°C (55.4°F - 59°F) and under otherwise equal conditions, it took 40 minutes. A further example of this concerns water supply to the turbines of a board mill in North Austria. The water supply consists of two 2km long concrete channels. One draws its water from the so-called Cold Murz, the other from the warmer Still Murz. The former flows towards their common intake along the shaded side of the valley, the latter on the sunny side. With the canal profile at full capacity the normal flow of water from the Still Murz amounts to about 860 litres/sec (189gals/sec). According to the observa- tions of Mr Bruckner, the factory director, and Mr Patta, the works manager, on occasions when the water temperature of the Still Murz approaches that of the Cold Murz, and the temperature gradient in the supply canal from the Still Murz becomes positive, under certain circumstances (such as at night) the volume of water increases to 1,800 litres/sec (396 gals/sec). Despite the constriction of the intakes above the turbines, the output of the turbines increases, resulting in an increase in power generation equivalent to the thermal output of one wagonload of coal per night. Temperature Gradient, Riverbed Slope and River Bend Formation The formulae applied today to the calculation of flow-velocity in channels encompass geometrical profile of the channel, roughness of channel wall- surfaces and gradient (riverbed-gradient, slope of the water surface or ener-PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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