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gy lines). What these formulae do not take Into account are the physical properties of water, such as viscosity and specific weight, which vary with temperature. However, it is important to take note of the temperature regime in the direction of flow - the temperature gradient or rate of change in temperature per unit length in the direction of the downstream flow. The temperature gradient is described as positive when the water temperature approaches +4°C in the direction of flow, and in the opposite case, as nega- tive. If for example the temperature at point A of a channel is t1°, at a lower point B is t2°, and if t1>t2 (positive temperature gradient ), then along this stretch an increase in velocity occurs due to a reduction in turbulence. Horizontal transverse vortex-trains and turbulent formations become small- er. In the opposite case, where t1>t2 (negative temperature gradient), the inci- dence of turbulence increases owing to a rise in temperature and an ensuing loss in kinetic energy, which expresses itself as a decrease in velocity. The tractive force becomes less and deposition of transported sediment follows. In the section relating to tractive force and the movement of sediment, Robert Weyrauch states in his book, Hydraulic Calculation:48 "S0, [boundary shear force49] is dependent on the provenance of the sediment, and is therefore constant for a relatively short stretch of river without the presence of affluent streams. In the case of longer stretches without affluent streams it dimin- ishes in a downstream direction." In the above example the reason for this is obvious - a case of negative temperature gradient. Where secondary streams exist (which reintroduce colder water into the main stream and thus usually effect an increase in flow-velocity through a reduction in turbulence), weakening of the tractive force does not occur. Tractive force is maintained or increases with a positive temperature gradient and decreases with a negative temperature gradient. This phenomenon becomes all the more important when studying changes in the riverbed. Assuming a uniform discharge of water, the bed- gradient remains constant, or will become greater with a positive tempera- ture gradient and smaller with a negative temperature gradient. Where the volume of water increases in conjunction with a negative temperature gra- dient, the morphology of the riverbed itself is not substantially altered, whereas under these conditions ruptures of the bank do occur as the central axis of the current oscillates from one side to the other. With an increase in the volume of water and a positive temperature gradient, the riverbed will be attacked and deepened. The watercourse straightens out and river bends previously formed through deposition of sediment will be evened out. Under certain circumstances, with a sudden drop in temperature and 48Hydraulisches Rechnen, 4th edition, page 68. - VS 49See footnote 3. - Ed.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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