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atmospheric pressure (such as clear skies after a flood), especially at night, the descending flow of water can become even more dangerous than quan- titatively greater masses of water under a negative temperature gradient in warm, rainy weather conditions. The mean central riverbed gradient which develops over the course of time is affected by the mean annual discharge and the temperature gradient corresponding to the mean annual temperature, wherein the mean annual temperature and the amount of rainfall are to a certain extent interrelated. In those years where larger fluctuations in the mean annual temperature occur, there will also be relatively greater changes to the riverbed. Measurement of temperatures in the same river cross-section indicates that temperatures vary according to location. Also, during the course of a day the place of the greatest flow-velocity (flow-axis, central core of the cur- rent) also changes its position within the profile laterally as well as vertically. While the lowest temperature is always to be found in the central core of the current, it increases to a greater or lesser extent towards the periphery. During the day the line of the central axis of flow lies closer to the shaded bank, since that is where the heavy water accumulates, whereas the lighter water flows along the sunny side. At night, due to the enlargement of the heavy water side, the current core migrates towards the centre of the chan- nel. With a negative temperature gradient, the current core lies close to the water surface, and with a positive temperature gradient, deeper down. During the floatation of timber the following phenomenon can be observed: if the temperature of the surroundings is lower than the water temperature (temperature gradient decidedly positive - water cools during flow), floata- tion takes place with the greatest of ease. The logs stay in the middle of the channel and float down the clearly-defined central axis of the current. On warmer days, especially towards midday, timber becomes stranded. Log-jams happen easily, because the flow axis wanders about (transverse currents due to turbulence) and does not keep to a centralised course for a prolonged peri- od, as it does with a positive temperature gradient. In section l-l1, in the stretch of river shown in fig. 15, the axis of the cur- rent still lies in the middle of the river. If the values of the mean flow-veloci- ties in each vertical of the river profile are plotted vertically, and an energy-line is drawn, then as is to be expected, the energy falls off to a greater or lesser extent towards the river's edge. If this decrease exceeds a certain limit, then it is obvious that this condition can only be unstable and even small causes will suffice to alter the status quo. If, for example, the bank at 1 is shaded50 and the bank at 11 exposed to the Sun, then at 11 the water will be warmed, becoming specifically lighter, and 50The initial cause can also be purely mechanical, e.g. one bank is rough, the other smooth. - VS.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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