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The Influence of the Geographical Situation and the Rotation of the Earth Apart from the influence of terrain and temperature gradient outlined above, the geographical location and the rotation of the Earth (geostrophic effect) also decisively affect the development of a waterway. By and large, the influences arising from geographical location are expressed in the development of the temperature gradient. In Sweden [far north], for example, the regular climate favours a positive or only weakly- developed negative temperature gradient. The flow of water in rivers is uni- form, as is the transport of sediment. The riverbed is perfectly regular, and in most cases trough-shaped (see fig. 17). Heavy water-masses only adjust slowly to climatic conditions of valley floors, and water temperatures are preserved for a long period. Such conditions are also to be found in other mountain streams flowing through cool ravines or forests. Despite enor- mous fluctuations in the amount of water discharged and the generally steep gradients, moss attaches itself to the stones in such streams. The moment such a channel is exposed to direct light, the covering layer of moss disappears from the stones, which subsequently will be dislodged, and breaches in the riverbank will occur: the channel immediately assumes the character of channels whose temperatures fluctuate continuously. The earlier a watercourse is exposed to direct sunlight (through clear- felling and clearance), the faster the time and the shorter the distance in which the equalisation of temperature occurs. As a result, the water-masses decelerate abruptly in sharp brake-curves, and transported sediment is deposited prematurely (loss of energy and velocity with the rapid transition from a positive to a negative temperature gradient). Very wide channel-beds are formed so that the water flowing through them under normal condi- tions is increasingly exposed to the effects of higher temperatures. The immediate result is excessive evaporation and over-saturation of the atmos- Fig. 17: Symmetrical trough-shaped channel profilePDF Image | The Water Wizard
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