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phere with water vapour, which promotes protracted rainfall or sudden cat- astrophic downpours with the onset of low temperatures. Venetian rivers enter the upper Italian plain from a steep and almost sheer range of high mountains. Because of this they are subjected to extraordinari- ly large and abrupt fluctuations in the temperatures of their immediate environment for the greater part of the year. As long as the river continues to flow in the mountains, the water and its surroundings are maintained at a uniformly low temperature. Fluctuations occur only within narrow limits The morphology of the riverbed exhibits no particular deviations. This all changes the moment the river enters the plain, which for the greater part of the year is warm, periodically hot, and is prone to sudden, strong fluctua- tions in temperature. Daytime and night-time temperatures also vary by up to 10°C (18°F). The profile of the stream-flow takes on a very characteristic form; a very flat bed with deeply incised gutters (or even two or more gut- ters in very wide beds) - a pronounced double-profile (see fig. 18). As a rule the gutters in the torrente are very deep. However, since the stream-bed gradient is slight, the velocity of the water in the gutter keeps within normal bounds. Since forestry in the Italian Alps is in a very poor state - whole areas are barren due to neglect over hundreds of years - when the snow melts, great quantities of cold water reach the hot plain without a transitional phase. The ensuing almost instantaneous reversal of the temper- ature gradient provokes the deposition of large banks of boulder-gravel, which is ejected mechanically by the massive volume of water in the stream-bed - and where the channel is insufficiently wide, this causes con- siderable flooding. Rivers in western parts of the upper Italian plain have a completely differ- ent appearance, although topographical conditions are the same as the Fig. 18: Channel with double profilePDF Image | The Water Wizard
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