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Venetian. The rivers exhibit no torrente character, but flow in a regular pro- file at a uniform velocity towards the river Po. This regularity is caused by the large reservoirs of the upper Italian lakes, which detain the snow melt- water and release it at a temperature already more suited to the plain, so that the formation of such extreme negative temperature gradients, which occur with the torrente, can no longer happen. In northward-flowing alpine streams, conditions are similar to those described above, but not as pronounced as those of the torrente, because the northern slope of the Alps is gentler and fluctuations in temperature are smaller. Here, after leaving the mountains, the streams exhibit an asymmet- rical deepening of the channel with a build-up of shallow gravel beds on the inside curve (likewise a double-profile) - also a result of the negative tem- perature gradient present in the longitudinal and transverse sections for the greater part of the year (fig. 19). In the above, two extreme cases (Sweden and Italy) were discussed. Between them there is of course a wide range of intermediate stages which would take too long to elaborate here. It should be mentioned, however, that rivers which flow into the sea under a positive temperature gradient (those flowing into the Arctic Ocean) carry their sediment far out into the sea (promontory or haff formation), whereas rivers discharging into the sea under a negative temperature gradient deposit their sediment prior to reaching it (formation of deltas). In the case of a west->east direction of flow, the former rivers migrate lat- erally northwards due the constant enlargement of the heavy water side and the migration of the stream-flow axis towards the northern bank. In the latter case the rivers are widened perpendicularly to the direction of flow in proportion to the decrease in tractive force. Through the formation of the previously-described heavy water and light water sides, and as a result of helical inversion of the respective water-strata (see Temperature Gradient, Riverbed Slope and River Bend Formation on forma- tion of fords), centrifugal effects are induced. These are either strengthened Fig. 19: Channel with an asymmetrical profilePDF Image | The Water Wizard
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