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the expense of the pore-volumina, the latter will become larger again Furthermore, because they are flowing under a positive temperature gradi- ent - their temperature is reducing - water-particles themselves assume a smaller volume. Thus with a positive temperature gradient the conditions are eliminated that could lead to stress-differentials in the wall-structure. Once again, the way to reduce the previously-described harmful, internal temperature-stresses to a minimum is to over-trickle the air-side of the wall in question, through which high external temperatures can be prevented from reaching the interior of the wall-structure. In this way large variations in temperature within a given cross-section (see fig. 26a for example) can virtually be reduced to zero. As a result, the phenomenon clearly apparent in fig. 25a will also be avoided, since during the period of maximum (or minimum) external temperature, the internal temperature of the wall will nearly be at its minimum (or maximum). The extraordinarily favourable effect of over-trickling the air-side of the wall during the hotter part of the year should well be evident from the above explanations, since it affects not only the consolidation of the wall through sedimentation, but also insulates it from larger variations in tem- perature. The increased cost of equipping a dam with an over-trickling sys- tem is minimal in relation to the overall cost of construction, and is economic to the extent that it can actually offset the costs of waterproofing the dam-wall.59 The possibility that over-trickling may entail unwanted losses of water is of minor importance since, firstly, such losses are only minimal, secondly, the efficacy and lifetime of the installation will be substantially increased, and finally, over-trickling is only necessary until such time as complete self- sealing of the wall through sedimentation has occurred. It should be noted that over-trickling is a one-off affair and is required only during the period in which consolidation of the wall proceeds. The duration of over-trickling should at most amount to six months. Premature removal of this curtain of water or its aeration is out of the question, since only very small quantities of water are involved and furthermore, over-trickling naturally will only be carried out when a sufficient surplus of water is available. The type of out-take (see fig. 27) suggested by the author offers a further advantage: by mixing bottom and surface water, water of the appropriate temperature can be released as required for the long-range further regula- tion of the downstream flow-regime.60 59Under certain circumstances, these watertight membranes can actually bring about very unwelcome effects, in that they maintain cement-curing temperatures for an undesirably long period in the wall-structure and prevent the wall breathing. - VS 60See "Temperature and the Movement of Water" and "Fundamental Principles of River Regulation". - Ed.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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