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Expert Opinion of Professor Philipp Forchheimer The accompanying design for a dam on the Tepl above Karlsbad embodies features which are new compared with conventional methods of construc- tion. Their description forms the basis of the following report, which conse- quently concerns itself not with details, but exclusively with the new elements of the design. These consist in the erection of a subsidiary internal wall at a slight distance from the dam wall itself and between these two walls, water is allowed to rise from the bottom of the reservoir. Since the surface water of the reservoir is about 0°C in winter, the heaviest water of around +4°C collects at the bottom; the water temperature thus increases downwards, whereas in summer the opposite distribution of water takes place, namely, its temperature increases from the bottom upwards. Water gains access to the interior of the wall via the hair-cracks present in all walls. The temperatures of the wall, the water and the air are constantly exposed to large and small fluctuations. The temperature of the infiltrated water always seeks to conform to the wall temperature with the result that its volume either increases or decreases. With an increase in volume, in the main the internal pore-water advances further and diffuses through the wall, owing to the pressure of water from the water-side. With a reduction in volume and assisted by the suction engendered by the decrease in volume, a further penetration of dam water occurs due to the continuing pressure of the impounded water. The eventual result of this oft-repeated process - the increase or decrease in the volume of the water present in the pores - is the impregnation of the whole wall with water. In particular the following process occurs: At the beginning of winter (Figures I & II- see fig. 30), with the onset of frost the water in conventional- ly constructed dam walls freezes to the limit of frost penetration, expands and loosens the fabric of the wall. When warmer weather sets in - solar radi- ation - the ice melts to the depth of heat penetration, the water emerges from the air-side, taking particles of the wall with it. The danger thus arises that with subsequent freezing, further loosening of the structure will take place. The destructive action of frost would then increase constantly, since the pores will become larger and larger, substantially aggravating the explo- sive effect of frost. The way this new dam is designed enables water of about +4°C to over-PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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