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supply with the heat demand and achieving a better capacity factor, allowing the process components to be designed for a lower maximum output, for avoiding start-up and partial load losses, and for reducing investment cost in combination with cost intensive components (such as refrigerators or Organic Rankine cycle engines) [12,13]. Moreover, already in 2014, the IEA [4] highlighted the use of thermal energy storage for waste heat utilization as a key application to achieve a low-carbon future due to the temporal and geographic decoupling of heat supply and demand. Depending on the temporal range of this decoupling (hourly, daily, weekly or seasonally [14]), the storage capacity and estimated storage costs, sensible, latent and thermochemical (TCM) TES storages need to be considered and studied in order to choose the most suitable technology. Therefore, the storage period as well as the heat capacity and cost of different TES candidates are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Typical parameters of TES systems, based on [15] TES technology Sensible (hot water) Phase Change Materials (PCM) Chemical reactions Storage period (hours, days, seasonal) Days /seasonal Hours /seasonal Hours /days Capacity (kWh/t) 10 - 50 50 - 150 120 - 250 Cost (€/kWh) 0.1 - 10 10 - 50 8 - 100 Thus, the scope of this review focuses only on industrial and energy production activities (commercial, domestic and service-related activities are excluded) as they are the most energy consuming sectors; therefore, their energetic and economic savings are expected to be significant. The exhaust gases or streams that scape from the processes of these activities are considered without taking into account recovering technology which is already implanted, such as recuperators or regenerators. As the main drawback of those activities are their intermittence and the temporal and geographical mismatch between their heat release and the later use heat demand, TES systems have been proposed to overcome them. In this article, the case studies in which TES systems were proposed to reuse and recover IWH are reviewed. As search terms in scientific databases, the different nomenclatures of waste heat (waste heat, surplus heat, and excess heat) are considered. Moreover, scientific communications in conferences and other dissemination sources are reviewed. Patents are not included in the search. Based on this analysis, the most representative characteristics of the TES systems and their applications have been identified and their economic, environmental and energy savings are discussed. In addition, the trends and the maturity of the cases reviewed are considered. Last but not least, this review is aimed to identify research niches in the topic. 4PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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