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In order to present the industrial cases reviewed, the structure of this article is divided with regard to the location of the heat demand (Figure 2): on-site or off-site. On-site is considered, when both the IWH source and the heat demand are in the same site. This section is then divided regarding to the type of industrial activity which generates the IWH. Off-site is considered, when the IWH source and heat demand are not on the same location but separated a certain distance. Therefore, mobile TES (M-TES) systems are required to transport the IWH from the location in which the heat is generated to the heat demand. In this section, the case studies are listed according to their maturity level. 2 On-site IWH reuse Most of the case studies reviewed in this article proposed the IWH to be reused at the same location in which it is generated. The on-site reuse of this heat presents an opportunity to lower the energy intensity (total costs per amount of output product) of the site and, therefore, to reduce the energy costs and the costs derived from the CO2 emissions. This section is composed of two main groups: the manufacturing industry and other industrial activities. The manufacturing industry is the group which includes most references and covers metallic and non-metallic industries, chemical industry, paper industry and food processing industries. Power plants, vehicle engines, incineration plants and other TES systems applied to unspecific IWH sources are included in section 2.2. 2.1 Manufacturing industry Among the different industrial activities considered, the manufacturing industry is the one which has attracted most attention among the research community because, on the one hand, it is one of the most energy consuming sectors and, on the other hand, some of their process and combustion exhaust temperatures are significantly high which provides versatility of use (the higher the waste heat temperatures, the broader the possibilities to match them to different application). 2.1.1 Manufacture of basic metals This subsector includes the activities of smelting and/or refining ferrous and non-ferrous metals from ore, pig or scrap, using electrometallurgical and other process metallurgic techniques [3]. In this subsector the highest temperatures (and, therefore, the highest potential) can be found 5PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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