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288 solves the blocking of the direct contact configuration by the deposited PCM at the initial stage 289 of the charging process. The authors estimated that this system would use less than 5% of the 290 energy stored in the container and recommended this method for systems with a low rate of heat 291 release. 289 291 Figure 19. Scheme (left) and picture of the experimental setup (right) proposed by Wang 292 et al. [77] 292 298 Kaizawa et al. [72] also studied at pilot plant scale the behaviour of a PCM and an HTF inside a 299 14 kWh M-TES prototype based on a two-dimensional, roundly sliced model (Figure 20). The 3200 experimental setup contained 80 kg of erythritol as PCM and 23 kg of HTF. The authors 3201 recommended maximizing the heat storage density and the heat exchange rate. Moreover, the 3202 shape of the inlet pipes should be designed considering their position, the number of pipes and 3203 the nozzle angle using a sophisticated heat and fluid flow model. 299 3212 At higher scales, only two complete studies could be found at the literature. In the first study, 313 the Fraunhofer Institute [69,82] designed and tested a M-TES prototype consisting of two real 314 scale 6-m-long container with a storage capacity of 2 MWh in order to recover the IWH from a 315 biogas plant to further reuse it in a small DH network at 6 km distance (Figure 21 left). The 316 prototype contained 16.6 t of sodium acetate trihydrate, acting as PCM, and was equipped with 317 24 internal tubes extended with graphite structures operating as tube heat exchangers. This heat 318 transfer enhancement let the system to a reduction in charging and discharging times up to 37 319 %. In the second study, the ZAE Research Centre also studied and developed a 2.3 MWh M- 320 TES system based on an open sorption system, with a 14 t packed bed zeolite working as 321 adsorbent. It was used in order to recover the IWH from an incineration plant located 7 km far 322 away from the heat demand (Figure 21, right) [83][84]. The M-TES prototype was built, 323 operated and monitored over one year using at the heat sink discharging system exhaust air from 324 the dryer with 60 °C and 0.09 kg/kg humidity. However, the power released was not the desired 29PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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