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Figure 1. Magnitude of power and its corresponding applications. Macroscale energy is for powering a city and even a country; nanoscale energy is to power tiny small electronics. Both applications are measured by different characteristics. run a factory, a city, or a country. This is generally referred to as macroscale energy, which is measured in the scale of gigawatt or megawatt. General character- istics of a technology for macroscale energy are the total power output, stability, conversion efficiency, and cost. In many cases, cost is the most important mea- sure, such as for solar cells (Figure 1). On the other hand, with the tremendous increase in the number of portable electronics, developing en- ergy-storage-related technologies is vitally important because most are run by batteries. Although the power consumption of each is rather small, the total number of devices is extremely huge. Over three billion people around the world have cell phones. With the imple- mentation of sensor networks around the globe, a gigantic number of sensors will be distributed world- wide; powering of such a horrendous network consist- ing of trillions of sensors would be impossible using batteries because one has to find the location, replace batteries, and inspect the proper operation of batteries from time to time. Energy harvesting from the envi- ronment in which the senor is employed is a possible solution. This is the field of nanoenergy, which is the power for sustainable, maintenance-free, and self- powered operation of micro/nanosystems.7 The gen- eral characteristics for nanoenergy power sources are availability, efficiency, and stability (Figure 1). In a case where a device is used under the light, the use of solar energy would be a natural choice. In a case of a device used near an engine possibly in the dark, harvesting mechanical vibration energy would be the best choice. As for biological application, harvesting deformation energy from muscle stretching would be a good approach. Although we may have a super high efficient solar cell, the condition under which the device will work may have little light, the highly efficient solar cell is not the choice for this device. Therefore, the type of energy to be harvested depends on the working environment of the device. This is what we mean by the availability of the energy source for a particular application. The stability of the energy source is also important because it guarantees the long-term opera- tion of the device. Take solar cells as an example; it has strong dependence on the day or night, weather, or even season. This is the reason that we have been developing technologies for converting mechanical energy into electricity for self-powered sensors. Traditional Triboelectric Generators. Traditional tribo- electric generator is a mechanical device that produces static electricity or electricity at high voltage by contact charging. The most popular ones are the Wimshurst machine and Van de Graaff generator, which were invented in ∼1880 and 1929, respectively. Both ma- chines use the accumulated static charges generated by triboelectrification; the tribo-charges are transferred from a rotating belt to a metal brush by the corona discharging (e.g., the electric-field-induced arching of air); once the accumulated charge density reaches a critical value, discharging over two opposite electrodes occurs (Figure 2). It appears that the traditional tribo- electric generator is a high voltage source, and there is no current unless there is a discharging. Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Although the triboelec- trification effect has been known for thousands of WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX C www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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