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years, a fundamental understanding about it is rather limited. Research has been conducted to characterize the triboelectrification process using various methods such as rolling sphere tool-collecting-induced charges from rolling spheres on top of a dielectric disk8,9 and using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure sur- face electrostatic force or potential on surfaces con- tacted by micropatterned materials.1012 However, Figure2. WimshurstmachineandVandeGraaffgenerator, developed a century ago, are the only two possible applica- tions of triboelectrification related to energy. these methods either lack an accurate control of the electrification process and/or cannot directly reveal the triboelectric interface, thus hardly achieving a quantita- tive understanding about the in situ triboelectric process. We have demonstrated an in situ method to quan- titatively characterize the triboelectrification at the nanoscale via a combination of contact-mode AFM and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy.13 As a benefit of the capability of controlled charge transferring and in situ measurement, AFM can be used to investigate the triboelectric charge transfer at surfaces. As a model system, a SiO2 thin film was rubbed for multiple cycles at the same area with constant contact force. The corresponding scanning Kelvin probe microscopy images after each friction cycle are shown in Figure 3a, and the extracted potential profiles are presented in Figure 3b. Within eight cycles of friction, the magni- tude of the potential increased from 0.1 to 0.7 V at a slowing rate. As shown in Figure 3c, there is a clear trend for the surface charge accumulation and saturation process. By quantitatively fitting the experimental data, surface charge density before the triboelectric process is σ0 = (12 ( 3) μC/m2, and saturation charge density after infinite numbers of cycles of friction is σ¥ = (150 ( 8) μC/m2. The electric field at the vicinity of the surface is ∼1.7 107 V/m, which can easily generate a high voltage. The contact-induced charge transfer is the experimental base of our TENG. Vertical Contact-Separation Mode-Based TENG: Dielectric-to-Dielectric Case. The discovery of TENG Figure 3. Triboelectric charge accumulation on the SiO2 surface with the increase of the number of repeated rubbings at the same area. (a) Series of surface potential images taken in the same area from intact status to the one after the 8th rubbing cycles, and (b) their corresponding potential profiles. (c) Derived surface potential as a function of the number of friction cycles and the simulation based on charge accumulation theory. Reproduced from ref 13. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX D www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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