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Figure4. SketchthatillustratestheoperatingprincipleoftheTENGfordielectric-to-dielectricincontact-separationmode.(a) Open-circuit condition. (b) Short-circuit condition. The polymer nanowires are not shown for the purpose of simplification. Reproduced from ref 16. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. can be traced back to our development of piezoelectric nanogenerators,14 in which ZnO nanowires were grown on polymer surfaces. The device was usually fully packaged without gap or void. However, in a case where a device was not fully packaged so that the bottom polymer substrate and the top packaging material might have a relative sliding or contacting, a voltage of a few volts was generated. This phenomen- on was first considered as an “artifact” or surface electrostatic charge and was ignored. However, in early 2012, we did a systematic study about this phenom- enon and found that it was a triboelectrification-driven energy conversion process.14,15 This was the birth of the TENG, which is distinctly different from the tradi- tional Van de Graaff generator in a way that electro- static induction is introduced for output power. The operating principle of the TENG for the case of dielectric-to-dielectric in contact mode can be described by the coupling of contact charging and electrostatic induction.16 Respectively, Figure 4a,b depicts electric output of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit cur- rent. In the original state, no charge is generated or induced, with no electric potential difference (EPD) between the two electrodes (Figure 4aI). With an exter- nally applied force, the two polymers are brought into contact with each other. Surface charge transfer then takes place at the contact area due to triboelectrification. According to the triboelectric series,17,18 which is a list of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose charges, electrons are injected from PMMA into Kap- ton, resulting in net negative charges at the Kapton surface and net positive charges at the PMMA surface, respectively. It is worth noting that the insulating property of the polymers allows a long-time retention of triboelectric charges for hours or even days. Since they are only confined on the surface, charges with opposite signs coincide at almost the same plane, generating practically no EPD between the two elec- trodes (Figure 4aII). As the generator starts to be released, the Kapton film tends to revert back to its original position due to its own resilience. Once the two polymers separate, an EPD is then established between the two electrodes (Figure 4aIII). If we define electric potential of the bottom electrode (UBE) to be zero, electric potential of the top electrode (UTE) can be calculated by σd0 UTE 1⁄4 ε (1) 0 where σ is the triboelectric charge density, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and d0 is the interlayer distance at a given state. As the generator is being released, Voc increases until reaching the maximum value when the Kapton WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX E www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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