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Figure 15. Self-powered pressure mapping using an array of TENG. (a) Schematic illustration of the TENG array. (b) Background signal with no pressure applied on the TENG matrix. The inset is color scaling of voltage for all the measurements in this figure. (cf) Two-dimensional voltage contour plot from the multichannel measurement of the TENG matrix with an external pressure uniformly and locally applied onto the device through architectures with calli- graphy of “T”, “E”, “N”, and “G”. Reproduced from ref 37. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. charge would flow, so that the current signal is more sensitive to the dynamic process of how the mechan- ical triggering is applied. The active pressure sensor and the integrated sensor array based on the triboelectric effect presented in this work have several advantages over conven- tional passive pressure sensors. First, the active sensor in this work is capable of both static pressure sensing using the open-circuit voltage and dynamic pressure sensing using the short-circuit current, while conven- tional sensors are usually incapable of dynamic sensing to provide the loading rate information. Second, the prompt response of both static and dynamic sensing enables the revealing of details about the loading pressure. Third, the detection limit of the TENG for dynamic sensing is as low as 2.1 Pa, owing to the high output of the TENG. Fourth, the active sensor array presented in this work has no power consumption and could even be combined with its energy harvesting functionality for self-powered pressure mapping. Fu- ture works in this field involve the miniaturization of the pixel size to achieve higher spatial resolution, and the integration of the TEAS matrix onto a fully flexible substrate for shape-adaptive pressure imaging. One of the materials for the TENG can be human skin based on the single-electrode-based TENG.30 This allows a direct interface of fingertip and a transparent bottom electrode material as device for touch pad and smart skin applications. As shown in Figure 16, the output voltage signals of 16 devices were recorded in real-time as a mapping figure. By addressing and monitoring the positive output voltage signals in 16 channels of the tactile sensor system, the touched information of a human finger including the position and pressure can be attained by analysis of the mea- sured mapping figures. If larger pressure is applied on the device, the larger output voltage signals can be observed in the mapping figures. Figure 16a presents a photograph of the device when the sixth and 11th devices in the matrix were simultaneously touched. Two, almost the same, pressures of about 4.9 kPa can be confirmed by the analysis of the obtained same output voltage signals in the corresponding mapping image, as shown in Figure 16b. Figure 16c displays the response of the device to the localized pressure in- duced by two fingers when the matrix was rotated by 90. The obtained mapping figure clearly reveals that the seventh and 10th devices were touched, where the produced pressures of about 7.0 kPa are larger than those in Figure 16b. When the pressures were applied along the diagonal line of the matrix by using the side surface of a human hand, the distinctive changes in the output voltage signals can be observed, reveal- ing an increase of the pressure from 3.2 to 6.0 kPa along the diagonal line, as illustrated in Figure 16d. When the pressures were applied on all 16 devices by using the human hand, the recorded mapping figure (Figure 16e) shows that all the devices are functional and the pressures on devices 18 are obviously larger than those on devices 916. The real-time detection of the touched actions on the flexible devices is a desir- able feature for sensors embedded in robots or pros- thetic devices. Figure 16f shows a photograph of the flexible matrix attached to a transparent acrylic tube. When the pressures were applied on the tube surface by using the human hand, the largest pressure of about 7.3 kPa occurs at the marked area (the white dashed line in Figure 16g), which is consistent with the mea- sured mapping figure, as shown in Figure 16k. Such a demonstration can also be done by placing a trans- parent TENG array on the display panel of a cell phone or underneath the keyboards during typing, clearly demonstrating its potential as sensors and as potential energy harvester. TENG as Self-Powered Active Chemical Sensors. As for TENG, maximizing the charge generation on oppo- site sides can be achieved by selecting the materials with the largest difference in the ability to attract electrons and changing the surface morphology. In such a case, the output of the TENG depends on the type and concentration of molecules adsorbed on the WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX T www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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