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Chapter 1 General Introduction 1.1 Introduction The importance of carbon based energy to modern society and well-being of general population cannot be overstated. Carbon, mainly extracted from fossil resources, is used extensively: as energy source for transportation, heating, electricity generation etc. in the form of hydrocarbons; as chemical feed-stocks for plastics and polymers; as precursors for fertilizers required for food production among many others. However, the exploit- ation of fossilized carbon had unintentional consequences, since most of the extracted carbon entered the natural carbon life-cycle as CO2; as of 2013, the amount of CO2 in atmosphere reached 400 ppm [1] compared with the pre-industrial average of 280 ppm [2]. Such a high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main reason for global temperature increase and the associated climate change. A target to limit the temperat- ure rise to 20C compared to preindustrial age has been agreed by member countries of IPCC, which entails huge reduction in green-house gas emissions, especially CO2 [3]; by a conservative estimate limiting CO2 concentration to 450 ppm by 2100 is required to reach this goal [4]. In spite of the agreements carbon emissions still continue to increase. To illustrate this fact carbon emissions into the atmosphere from various sources over time beginning at the start of the century until 2010 [5] has been plotted in figure 1.1. This figure shows that there is a continued increase in carbon emissions from coal, used for electricity generation and from petroleum and natural gas, used for transportation and heating. To reduce further increase in carbon emissions a two fold strategy needs to be adopted. • First, electricity generation should shift from fossil based carbon to renewable en- 1PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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