PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 014
1.2. FRAMEWORK AND GOALS OF THIS THESIS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION chemistry feasible by enhancing the kinetics [18, 19]. Here, photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to reactive species by Mg (II) ions embedded in the ligand fields serves as a case in point. Several different ways are being investigated to activate CO2 molecule to make it more reactive. For example, forming complexes [20] and anionic species [21] at trans- ition metal surfaces; using electron-hole pair generated by photo-catalyst like TiO2 com- bined with a catalyst [22–24]. A host of similar works can be found in literature that describe various methods in a variety of disciplines [8, 25–27]. It has to be noted that it is not always required for CO2 be activated but instead the reactivity can be enhanced by using an activated co-reactant. Although significant progress has been achieved with the aforementioned methods, in their current state, however they are still not sufficient to stabilize CO2 in the envir- onment in any meaningful measure. Also, except electrochemical conversion, renewable electricity is not directly used in any of these methods (see appendix 1.B for the status of CO2 conversion using electrochemistry). Hence plasmas, especially non-equilibrium plasmas are also required to be explored for CO2 activation (or for enhancing the react- ivity by activating the co-reactant), which is the focus of this book. Plasmas have some unique characteristics and these could be advantageous in the context of CO2 activa- tion. Some of these characteristics are: plasmas contain charged species such as (free) electrons and (positive and negative) ions which get deposited on the surfaces enclos- ing plasma to make them active sites for chemical reactions [28]; radicals produced in gas phase that open pathways for molecule formation [29, 30]; photons that can initiate photo-chemistry [31]; electric fields that energize charged species even further [32] etc. Among all the characteristics of plasma, one that is particularly important in approach II using CO2 plasmas, is vibrational up-pumping (VV up-pumping). In brief, VV up- pumping can be described as a process that is responsible for increase in vibrationally excited states with higher vibrational quantum numbers in excess to what is possible in thermal equilibrium. Enhancing reactivity using vibrationally excited species is being investigated also in general chemistry extensively [33, 34]. From research done 1970s and 80s on CO2 dissociation in plasmas [35–37], it has been hypothesized that production of vibrationally excited species, due to VV up-pumping enhances CO2 dissociation rates significantly without requiring to increase the energy input. This fact gives additional impetus to investigate CO2 plasmas for CCU. For a general treatment of plasma based CO2 conversion, reader is referred to review by Liu et al [38] (approaches I + II) and a recent review by Lebouvier et al [39] (ap- proach II). Very few works have been reported on approach I using either pure plasma 5PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
PDF Search Title:
Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmasOriginal File Name Searched:
20160125_CO_Ponduri.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |