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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.2. FRAMEWORK AND GOALS OF THIS THESIS 150 0 -150 -300 -450 N2 H2 O2 C2H4 C2H6 CH NH3 HO 2 Approach I CO 2 4 CO Figure 1.3: Gibbs free energy of formation for selected molecules. The red circle highlights the energy range of typical carbonaceous fuels. The two arrows are shown to represent the two approaches that are investigated in this thesis. cubic meters [16] from which we can estimate a total commerce of 672 billion U.S. dol- lars, certainly a huge number. Similar numbers for CO are not easily available as it is produced from several different raw materials. However, apart from being important in syngas production (see appendix 1.A), CO, for example, is also an important feed stock in producing phosgene which is the starting point in the production of polyurethane, one of the most widely used plastics [17]. Henceforth CCU with CH4 as target intermedi- ate is called Approach I and CO as the target intermediated is called Approach II. For CCU to become successful, H2 should also be made from renewable sources. Significant progress is being made to produce H2 using water splitting[6] or from water gas shift reaction (reaction R1) [14]. CO+H2O−→CO2 +H2 (R1) Before addressing the main goals, it is instructive to know the main challenges as- sociated with CO2 conversion. The foremost among them is the inertness of the CO2 molecule and to put it in perspective, Gibbs free energies (∆G) of formation of few se- lected molecules are shown in figure 1.3; the lower the ∆G of a molecule, the more stable the molecule is. Clearly, CO2 is very stable compared with the molecules that are being aimed for. However, the stability of CO2 need not be a show stopper since a proper catalytic pathway or a non-equilibrium route could be successful in making CO2 4 Approach II G0 (kJ/mol)PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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