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2. HYDROGEN RADICAL ASSISTED METHANATION 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.1 Introduction Curtailing average global temperature rise to under 2oC, so as to mitigate climate change, requires new strategies to reduce green house gas emissions [3]. One such strategy that fixes CO2, a major greenhouse gas, in a closed loop carbon cycle has gained traction re- cently. It involves converting CO2 into carbon based fuels like hydrocarbons or alcohols and recovering carbon in the form of CO2, released by subsequent burning of hydrocar- bons/alcohols, thus completing the cycle. Such a cycle is carbon neutral on the whole since no new carbon dioxide is being added to the atmosphere. Hydrocarbons produced in this manner can also serve as an energy storage medium to solve the intermittency issue related to the use of renewable energy sources. Although extensive research is being pursued to develop economically viable carbon neutral fuels by many different approaches, a clear winner is still not in sight. Dimethyl ether, formic acid and methane are some of the carbon neutral fuels that gained attention recently [74]. Methane fulfills many criteria of an ideal carbon neutral fuel; for example, methane has the highest heating value among alkanes (55 MJ/kg), and an extensive in- frastructure is already in place to use natural gas (which contains mostly methane [75]) as energy carrier both for electricity generation and transportation fuel. The fact that in the year 2008, 24% of all the energy needs in the USA were met using natural gas [14] illustrates its importance in energy infrastructure. Efforts to find efficient heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 reduction to hydrocarbons (including methane) are in progress, see for example [76, 77] and references therein, since such processes are compatible with already optimized infrastructure of the chemical industry. Additionally various alternative methods like heterogeneous and homogeneous electrochemical reduction [14], photochemical reduction [78], thermochemical reduction [79] with H2 and H2O etc. are also being investigated to convert CO2 into methane. In this context, methods to convert CO2 in certain types plasmas look promising. Plasmas have been previously investigated for CO2 conversion but mostly in the context of dry reforming to produce syngas or for pollution control [46, 80, 81]. Also mixtures of CO2 and CH4 to produce higher hydrocarbons have been investigated [82]. But direct conversion of CO2 to methane plasma environment, the main focus of this paper, has not been reported to our knowledge. Currently carbon feed stocks like coal and biomass are converted into syn-gas (CO + H2), which is starting point to produce any desired hydrocarbon, including methane, by using a suitable catalyst [83]; these catalysis reactions are generally referred to as Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) processes. Methanation of CO2 can also proceed by first form- 18PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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