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to the working fluid results in an apparent efficiency increase. This can be compared to the efficiency of the design without the catalyst incorporated, which was roughly 10% lower as shown on the right in Figure 2-1. The authors installed a WHR system using this evaporator design in a Honda Civic Hybrid, with a generator driven by a swash plate axial expander producing electricity, which was fed into the hybrid drive system. At 100 km/h steady state operation, Endo et al. estimated that the thermal efficiency increased from 28.9% to 32.7%, or a 13.2% relative increase. This is an impressive result, but average efficiency gains over a typical drive cycle are not reported and would be more meaningful since an automobile only spends a fraction of the time at steady state. However, these results do highlight the potential for WHR systems to complement hybrid powertrains by producing power when charging of the hybrid battery is at a minimum (i.e., highway driving). The location and design of the evaporator may be a large factor contributing to the relatively large efficiency increase. Typical systems would have to recover heat from the exhaust post-catalyst, resulting in decreased exhaust temperatures. Additionally, the cost and durability of such a unit is unknown. Kadota and Yamamoto [27], also at Honda R&D, did simulate the transient behavior of a WHR equipped Honda Civic Hybrid using a sophisticated test bench with a combination of real and modeled components that communicate and interact much like on a real vehicle. Real components consisted of the engine and WHR system, while the simulated components included the hybrid electric motor, hybrid battery, transmission, vehicle, and the driver. The engine, exhaust, steam, and expander output were simulated over the Japanese 10-15 drive cycle, which mimics a typical driving pattern for urban Japan [33]. Modeled components were validated using data from an actual vehicle operated over the same drive cycle, and fuel economy was found to be within ±1%. The validated model predicted that average thermal efficiency would increase from 10PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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