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29.5% to 31.3%, giving a 6.1% relative increase. The authors noted that peak steam generation experienced a five second delay after peak engine output, which may translate to drivability issues. Few details are presented on the actual WHR system used for the model. The system diagram indicates that it is a basic Rankine system using the heat from the exhaust gases only. However, there is no mention of the exhaust gas temperatures during the simulation. Through financial support from the National Basic Research Program of China, Wenzhi et al. [15] attempted to improve WHR system performance by optimizing the running conditions for a reciprocating piston expander. Extensive modeling was performed on a Rankine cycle WHR system using water as the working fluid and recovering waste heat from the exhaust gases of a 3.9L 4-cyl turbo diesel via a separate preheater and super heater as shown in Figure 2-2. The authors used REFPROP 7.0 to determine the thermodynamic conditions of the working fluid, with steam modeled as a real gas. The WHR system was evaluated with power output, expander efficiency, and global efficiency as a function of expander speed, mass flow rate, and expander intake pressure. Wenzhi et al. estimated that a maximum increase in overall power output of 12% would occur at 4 MPa of intake pressure, 0.018 kg/s mass flow rate, and an expander speed of 2000 rpm. This translates into a 12% relative increase in thermal efficiency of the combined system. However, the authors failed to achieve these conditions with the experimental setup they designed to validate the model. The maximum expander inlet pressure was limited to 0.35 MPa, which is only a fraction of the target pressure. The authors attribute this low intake pressure to heat exchangers that did not meet the design parameters set in the model. It is unclear why the heat exchangers did not adhere to the design specifications, but Wenzhi et al. reran the model under the experimental conditions and found the calculated output to be 10% higher than the experimental value. The authors cite expander friction, leakage loss, and generator loss as the causes of the 11PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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