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Geothermal energy is a renewable resource (Sanyal 2010, Lowry et al. 2017).15 The heat flowing from the Earth’s interior is estimated to be equivalent to 44.2 terawatts-thermal (TWth) of power (Pollack et al. 1993)—more than twice the amount needed to supply total global primary energy consumption in 2015 (Energy Information Administration [EIA] 2017a). This heat is continually replenished by the decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements in the Earth’s interior and will remain available for billions of years, ensuring an essentially inexhaustible supply of energy (Blodgett and Slack 2009). Geothermal heat flow is expressed visibly at the surface as volcanoes, fumaroles, hot springs, and geysers. Although volcanoes represent the hottest and most visible form of geothermal energy, there is a range of such energy in the subsurface, with temperatures from thousands of degrees to a few degrees above ground-surface temperatures. Much of this energy can be used for productive purposes. Temperatures above 150°C are widely—but not uniformly—distributed underground and become more common with increasing depth. Commercial electricity generation is generally economic from geothermal resources at temperatures above 150°C. Geothermal resource temperatures at a depth of 7 km (about 4 miles) are accessible with existing drilling technology (Figure 2-2).16 For comparison, the average depth of onshore oil and gas wells drilled in the United States in 2017 was about 3 km (just under 2 miles) (WorldOil 2017). The deepest borehole ever drilled—more than 12 km (about 7.5 miles)—was the Kola Superdeep Borehole, which was the result of scientific drilling activities in Russia (Ault 2015). Temperature at 7 km Depth Yellowstone National Park 350°C 300°C 275°C 250°C 225°C 200°C 175°C 150°C 125°C 100°C 75°C 50°C 25°C Figure 2-2. Temperatures throughout the contiguous United States at a depth of 7 km (about 4 miles) Source: Blackwell et al. 2011 15 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (Pub. L. No. 110-140) defines geothermal energy as a renewable resource. Although distinct from wind and solar, which tap an instantly renewable energy source, geothermal is a renewable resource with lifecycles and timescales more similar to that of sustainable forestry. 16 Geothermal resource potentials for Alaska and Hawaii were not calculated in the GeoVision analysis and, as such, are not included in Figure 2-2. Text Box 2-1 provides more information. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 11 Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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