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A welder performing maintenance on production facilities at a geothermal power station. Photo credit: Haim Shoshan Geothermal resources are unique compared to other renewable energy resources for several key reasons. First, some level of penetration of the Earth’s surface— usually drilling wells—is required to characterize, access, and efficiently extract geothermal resources. As such, geothermal energy has an inherent upfront resource cost and risk that other renewable resources do not have; determining where and how much the sun shines, wind blows, or rivers flow is generally easier, faster, and less costly. Data on renewable resources such as solar, wind, and hydropower are already collected by weather stations and satellites and are publicly accessible (e.g., National Renewable Energy Laboratory [NREL] Solar Data, NREL Wind Data).17 In addition, the way in which wind or solar energy is captured and converted for beneficial use is essentially the same regardless of resource quality. For instance, a location with a moderate amount of wind (e.g., Washington, D.C.) would use the same basic process to gather energy as would a windier location (e.g., Wichita, Kansas). In contrast, both the energy conversion process and end-use application of geothermal varies with resource quality, which is primarily a function of temperature. Once a geothermal power plant is built and operational, the energy produced is “always on.” Geothermal resources in a range of temperatures can be used economically for a variety of electric and non- electric applications. The GeoVision analysis considers the deployment and growth potential for a specific set of geothermal applications (Section 2.2). In summary, geothermal energy resources and the means by which they are accessed and recovered vary greatly. The heat energy in geothermal resources exists in varying subsurface environments, and access can require differing techniques and technologies before the resource can be recovered for beneficial use. A single subsurface environment might also support more than one type of geothermal energy conversion. Figure 2-3 introduces the diversity of geothermal resources and some of their applications, as considered in the GeoVision analysis. These concepts are discussed in more detail in the subsequent sections. 17 Solar data are available on the NREL website at https://www.nrel.gov/gis/data-solar.html. Wind data are available on the NREL website at https://www.nrel.gov/gis/ data-wind.html. 12 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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