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Text Box 2-1. Geothermal Potential in Alaska and Hawaii Alaska and Hawaii both have significant geothermal resources. The U.S. Geological Survey 2008 resource assessment indicates that Alaska has a mean conventional hydrothermal resource potential of 2,465 MWe, representing about 6.3% of the total identified U.S. hydrothermal resource potential, and Hawaii has a mean conventional hydrothermal resource potential of 5,619 MWe, representing about 14% of the total identified U.S. hydrothermal resource potential (Williams et al. 2008b). EGS resource potential is also likely to be substantial in these two states; however, the U.S. Geological Survey did not calculate this potential because information is insufficient to accurately estimate crustal temperatures on a regional basis. Installed geothermal electricity generation capacity in Alaska and Hawaii includes 0.73 MWe at Alaska’s Chena Hot Springs Resort and 47 MWe at Hawaii’s Puna Geothermal Field. There is significant potential for increased capture of both undiscovered and identified hydrothermal resources (Section 2.1.1) and any EGS resources determined to exist. Hawaii has a state renewable portfolio standard mandating 100% renewable power by 2045. Alaska has a non-binding goal to generate 50% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025 (Alaska Energy Authority 2016, EIA 2017b). Hydropower is Alaska’s largest source of renewable electricity, and the state has demonstrated interest in increased renewable power. As of 2016, wind power supplied nearly 75% of Alaska’s non-hydroelectric renewable electricity (EIA 2017c). The modeling tools used for the GeoVision analysis (Chapter 3) were developed primarily to model grid congestion and transmission issues for high-penetration renewable energy scenarios in the contiguous United States. The electricity grids of Hawaii and Alaska are not connected to the mainland grid, so they were not included in model development. Although this exclusion means that geothermal resources in Alaska and Hawaii could not be quantified in the GeoVision analysis, it also reflects the more localized—and, in some cases, isolated—nature of the Alaska and Hawaii grids. For grid systems with such attributes, geothermal energy can provide significant value in the form of local grid reliability. 2.1.1 Hydrothermal Resources Hydrothermal resources are considered conventional geothermal resources because they can be developed using existing technologies. The natural formation of a hydrothermal resource typically requires three principal elements: heat, water, and permeability.21 When water is heated in the Earth, hot water or steam can become trapped in porous and fractured rocks beneath a layer of relatively impermeable caprock, resulting in the formation of a hydrothermal reservoir (Figure 2-4).22 Geothermal water or steam may emanate naturally from the reservoir and manifest at the surface as hot springs or geysers; but most stays trapped underground in rock, under pressure and accessible only through drilling. Hydrothermal resources can provide economic and renewable energy when the three principal elements of heat, water, and permeability are present in sufficient amounts to support cost-competitive energy-extraction rates. Hydrothermal resources are found primarily in the western United States and in Alaska and Hawaii, where the Earth’s tectonic activity has resulted in areas with naturally elevated heat flow (Figure 2-5). 21 For the purposes of this report, the term “water” in the context of geothermal energy is assumed to be liquid water unless steam (water vapor) or another phase is specified. Permeability is a characteristic of rocks that describes the degree to which they are porous and/or interconnected by cracks or “fractures” that allow the storage and passage of water and steam. 22 In most cases, as geothermal reservoirs naturally evolve and form, they generate their own low-permeability, clay-rich caprock through the alteration of the host rocks at high temperatures and in the presence of water. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 15 Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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