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Steam Discharge Production Power Plant or Fumarole Well Reservoir Caprock Injection Well Hot Spring Outflow Upflow in fractures Permeable fractures 16 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Heat and gas from magma Thermal Features °C Isotherms 1 km 3,300 ft 1:1 Figure 2-4. Idealized cross-section of a hydrothermal resource showing various conceptual elements of a high-temperature hydrothermal reservoir Source: Modified and generalized after Cumming 2009 Figure Note: Figure indicates elements that are characteristic of naturally occurring, high-temperature hydrothermal systems in the range of about 250oC to >300oC, and those that are generally representative of most identified and developed hydrothermal systems. This figure illustrates an example in which hydrothermal fluids are heated by underlying magma which, along with gases, makes them buoyant and rise through fracture-hosted permeability in the system. A reservoir-confining structure, known as a caprock, defines the upper bounds to the hydrothermal reservoir. At shallower levels, hydrothermal fluids can often move laterally and—depending on the geology—may naturally emanate from the reservoir as thermal features (e.g., hot springs, geysers, fumaroles). Conceptualized temperature isotherms (lines of constant temperature) indicate the distribution of subsurface temperatures and an idealized production well (red) and injection well (blue) are drilled into the reservoir to, respectively, produce fluids for a power plant and recycle energy-depleted fluids through injection for sustainable, renewable power generation. Hydrothermal resources at temperatures below 250°C may also be found throughout the western United States and can exhibit different configurations, often characterized by deep circulation along structurally controlled and volumetrically more-restricted permeability. Magmatic influence may still play a role in these systems, although it is likely deeper than depicted in this figure; the main conceptual elements, however, are similar (Cumming 2009). Chapter 2 100°C 200°C 100°C 200°C 300°C 300°CPDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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