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Conventional hydrothermal resources are sub-categorized by the U.S. Geological Survey as either “identified” or “undiscovered” (Williams et al. 2008a, Williams et al. 2008b). As the name implies, identified hydrothermal resources have already been identified or are otherwise known to exist through application of conventional exploration technologies and methods. Identified hydrothermal systems typically have at least some surface expression, such as a geyser, hot spring, fumarole, or other indication that a hydrothermal resource may exist at depth. Conversely, undiscovered hydrothermal resources are difficult to identify with existing exploration technologies and methods. This is true largely because these resources lack traditional surface manifestations that indicate subsurface resource potential. Existing geophysical techniques cannot reliably detect these systems or image them with a high degree of confidence. New exploration tools and technologies need to be developed to capture the resource potential of undiscovered, “hidden” resources. Initiatives supporting early-stage research and development efforts for such tools and technologies are detailed in Doughty et al. 2018. The application of new exploration tools and technologies in a robust, consistent, and systematic approach will improve the success rate of geothermal development projects while reducing overall exploration costs, thus improving access to financing for drilling. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) resource assessment estimates that the identified hydrothermal resources of >90°C in the United States have the potential to provide a mean total of 9,057 megawatts-electric (MWe) of electric power generation (Williams et al. 2008a, Williams et al. 2008b). The USGS estimated hydrothermal resource potential through a combination of two methods: 1) volumetric methodologies, where recoverable heat is estimated from the thermal energy available in a reservoir of uniformly porous and permeable rock for an assumed producible fraction of a reservoir’s thermal energy, and 2) resource temperature estimates interpolated from available exploration and production well data, or the use of chemical geothermometers applied as temperature proxies where in-situ temperature measurements were unavailable. The complete methodology is in Williams et al. 2008a. The assessment includes resources >90°C in its estimate of power potential. USGS predicts another 30,033 MWe of undiscovered hydrothermal resource potential remaining undeveloped (Williams et al. 2008a, Williams et al. 2008b). USGS Yellowstone National Park AK HI WA MT OR ID NV UT CO CA Identified hydrothermal resources AZ NM WY Figure 2-5. Map illustrating the location of identified hydrothermal resources in the United States (represented by the red dots) included in the 2008 U.S. Geological Survey geothermal resource assessment Source: Williams et al. 2008b estimated the undiscovered hydrothermal resource using geographic information system-based statistical methods to analyze the correlation between spatial data sets and existing geothermal resources. This correlation was used to derive the probability of the existence of geothermal resources in unexplored regions. Due to the probabilistic nature of the USGS assessment, the undiscovered geothermal resource power generation potential has a 95% probability of being at least 7,917 MWe and a 5% probability of being up to 73,286 MWe. For the GeoVision analysis, the mean value of 30,033 MWe was used; of this, 25,810 MWe occurs in the contiguous United States. The actual characteristics of these undiscovered hydrothermal resources, such as reservoir depth and temperature, are largely unknown. For the purpose of estimating resource development costs in the GeoVision analysis, it was assumed that the undiscovered resources would be similar in nature to identified hydrothermal sites in a given region, and undiscovered resource characteristics were based on the mean capacity-weighted average value of resource Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 17 Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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