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The GeoVision analysis considered capacity deployment and expansion by modeling three primary technology applications of geothermal energy resources: (1) electricity generation from geothermal power plants, supported by either hydrothermal or EGS resources; (2) geothermal district heating, a geothermal direct-use application, supported by either hydrothermal or EGS resources; and (3) GHPs, supported by GHP resources in the shallow-earth environment. Sections 2.2.1–2.2.4 elaborate on these technology applications. 2.2.1 Electric Power Generation One of the key uses of geothermal energy is electric-power generation using three basic types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash steam, and binary (Figure 2-8). Each power-plant configuration features different energy-conversion efficiencies and different operating requirements that influence sustainable management approaches for the associated geothermal resources. Operational characteristics influence reservoir performance, thus requiring proactive management of both the plant and reservoir (Text Box 2-2). Variety in power-plant designs affords developers the opportunity to optimize the geothermal resource of interest and meet the needs of the application and end users. Differences in efficiencies and operating requirements ultimately impact power-plant capital costs, with dry-steam and flash-steam power plants generally being the least expensive on a $/kWe basis relative to binary power plants.32 Geothermal power-plant developments generate electricity from steam or hot water supplied by production wells drilled into the resource. The hot water or steam powers a turbine that turns a generator to produce electricity. The energy-depleted fluids are recirculated back into the Earth where they recover additional heat to support constant, renewable geothermal energy extraction. Existing geothermal power-plant technologies use conventional hydrothermal resources. Improved resource engineering technologies could facilitate the use of EGS resources for electricity generation, with minimal or no modification required to existing power-plant technologies. 32 Overnight capital costs for an example flash power plant are $4,683/kWe versus $5,603/kWe for binary power-plant technologies (Cole et al. 2017). Overnight capital costs are defined as the capital expenditure required to achieve commercial operation of a plant, excluding the construction period and the financing and interconnection costs. Text Box 2-2. Best-Practice Management—Geothermal Electric Sector Proactive management of a geothermal field and power plant begins with a comprehensive monitoring and data-collection program that includes pressure, temperature, chemistry, and geophysical surveys on the reservoir, wells, pipelines, and power-plant infrastructure. Best- practice management leverages the value of these data by engaging a technical resource team staffed with engineers and geoscientists. The team integrates the data into a calibrated, full-field resource and asset model that can forecast performance in response to existing operational conditions and proposed operational changes. This comprehensive approach provides the most effective decision-management tool available to geothermal developers and operators. New technologies, such as applications of machine learning, could further enhance geothermal best-practice management. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 23 A field engineer setting up well flow test equipment at the Hudson Ranch geothermal power plant in California. Photo credit: Don B. Dale Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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