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Dry steam power plants Generator Load Flash steam power plants Binary cycle power plants Flash Tank Generator Load Generator Turbine Load Dry Cooler Turbine Cooler Turbine Cooler Production Injection Well Well Production Injection Well Well Heat exchanger with working fluids Production Injection Well Well Figure 2-8. Geothermal power-plant configurations: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle As of 2017, the United States led the world in the amount of electricity generated from geothermal resources (International Renewable Energy Agency 20,000 17,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 2017, Hanson and Richter 2017). As of 2016, 3,812 MWe 15,000 of installed geothermal capacity provided an average of 2,542 MWe of net summer capacity33, 34 to the U.S. grid, generated nearly 15,920 gigawatt-hours-electric (GWhe) of electricity annually, and supported a workforce of 7,645 employees (DOE 2017, Augustine et al. 2019) (Figure 2-9). Geothermal net summer capacity has been growing at a rate of about 2% per year and is projected to exceed 2,900 MWe by 2022 (Augustine et al. 2019). 2,500 As of 2018, geothermal power plants were concentrated in the western United States (Figure 2-10), with the majority located in California and Nevada. Although geothermal energy accounts for only 0.4% of total electricity generation nationwide, it provides 6% of total generation in California and 8% in Nevada (EIA 2016). The state of California alone has more installed geothermal capacity than any country in the world (Bertani 2015, International Renewable Energy 00 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 Agency 2017). 33 Net summer capacity is defined by EIA as, “The maximum output, commonly expressed in MW, that generating equipment can supply to system load, as demonstrat- ed by a multi-hour test, at the time of summer peak demand (period of June 1 through September 30).” 34 Installed (nameplate) and net capacities differ largely because of power-plant derating at The Geysers geothermal field. At Geysers, the reservoir is not able to supply all the production necessary due to productivity decline or insufficient make-up well drilling. This attribute accounts for roughly 800 MWe of the differential, and im- proved technologies for both conventional (hydrothermal) and unconventional (EGS) resources will be essential to overcoming these types of limitations. The remaining differential occurs because geothermal power plants provide their own power for plant operations, which includes power to operate pumps that produce and inject geothermal brines underground. Additionally, the net summer capacity is below the optimal net capacity because plants that use air cooling do not operate as efficiently at high ambient temperatures. Annual Generation Net Summer Capacity (historical) Net Summer Capacity (projected) Figure 2-9. U.S. historical annual geothermal electricity generation (in GWhe) and installed net summer capacity (in MWe) Source: Augustine et al. 2019 Figure Note: The drop in net summer capacity from 2000 to 2001 reflects a combination of retirements and derating of some power plants at The Geysers geothermal field. 24 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Net Summer Capacity (MW) 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Annual Generation (GWh) Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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