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Modest growth in geothermal deployment is not a result of limited geothermal resources because, as discussed in Section 2.1, geothermal resources are vast and geographically dispersed. Instead, other factors are responsible for the slow growth of geothermal deployment. Technical and non-technical challenges in resource exploration, drilling, and development present fundamental barriers to improved economic capture of geothermal resource potential. This topic was analyzed in the GeoVision analysis and is detailed in Lowry et al. 2017, Doughty et al. 2018, Augustine et al. 2019, McCabe et al. 2019, and Young et al. 2019. The results of the GeoVision analysis illustrate that, if the industry continues along business-as-usual projections, geothermal resources and technologies will remain a relatively small niche player in the energy sector. Modeled results and impacts of the GeoVision analysis are summarized in Chapters 3 and 4 and indicate that, under existing conditions, geothermal technologies will continue to achieve only limited rates of market penetration—thus failing to capture the myriad of benefits that geothermal energy can offer to the nation. The GeoVision analysis evaluated key factors that influence deployment for the electric and non-electric sectors. For both sectors, this analysis includes factors such as the state of the technology, geographic applicability or co-location of the resource availability and energy demand, financing and market conditions, and industry outreach and basic public awareness. For the electric sector, additional key factors of importance include land access and regulatory timelines. This section divides barriers examined in the GeoVision analysis into technical and non-technical groups. Those groups are subcategorized based on barriers by application (electric and non-electric sectors) and further subdivided by resource type (conventional hydrothermal vs. EGS) for barriers within the electric sector. Several barriers affect more than one application or resource, and many of the solutions for technical barriers result in lowered risk and costs, which—in turn—affect non-technical barriers such as obtaining financing. The complexity of geothermal barriers presents operators and researchers with challenges to wider deployment as well as opportunities for innovation. The GeoVision Roadmap (Chapter 5) discusses a number of actions aimed at pursuing such innovations and overcoming barriers. Achieving those actions will reduce costs and ultimately make large increases in geothermal deployment cost effective. 2.4.1 Technical Barriers: Electric Sector Technical barriers to deployment of geothermal resources for electricity generation are mainly a result of geothermal energy’s unique characteristics as a subsurface resource. This attribute stands in marked contrast to other sources of renewable energy; whereas wind, hydropower, biomass, and solar resources are immediately accessible at the Earth’s surface, geothermal resources are not. Exploring, discovering, developing, and managing geothermal resources is an inherently complex endeavor that carries greater fundamental risks and upfront costs compared to other renewable energy technologies. Geothermal resources are identified, assessed, and targeted using complex geophysical and geological techniques, often referred to as pre-drilling activities.44 These activities directly guide subsequent resource access and confirmation, which requires invasive, costly, and high-risk drilling. Managing risks and costs during exploration drilling and the resultant drilling success ultimately depends on the degree to 44 Pre-drilling exploration activities are non-invasive and do not penetrate the surface through drilling. Such activities often include, but are not limited to, geological and structural mapping studies, remote-sensing data acquisition, geophysical surveys such as magnetotelluric or seismic data acquisition, and geochemical surveys. 36 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Drill bits used at the Raft River geothermal site in Idaho. Photo credit: K.T. Hanna Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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