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ICESW IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Enginee1ri2n3g44516378(920‘1’8“)” 012019 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012019 the condenser or the evaporator [8]. Such zeotropic mixtures have advantages of safety, environmental compatibility, and volumetric flow rate [9]but exhibit reduced heat transfer characteristics compared to pure fluids [10, 11]. 2 ORC Working Fluids and Applications The core task in ORC systems design primarily involves the selection of the best appropriate working fluid for the operation condition in either subcritical or supercritical level. This is supreme to obtain optimal performance indexes, simple cycle structure, small components sizes, and in general, safe operation of the system [12, 13]. Suitable working fluids permit proper volume flow rates which is essential for optimum sizing of the turbine for any power level [14], and also determines the proper type and size of the pump, heat exchangers and regeneration in advanced cycles. Xi et al,. [15] projected based on the experimental data and environmental factors that Hydrocarbons (HCs) are generally the best choice as working fluids for ORCs because of high energy efficiency, low cost and good environmental compatibility, especially the high molecular weight alkanes, which are always stable and their flammability and explosive characteristics suppressible by adding fire retardant. The choice of organic working fluids are primarily influenced by the heat source temperature, the cooling medium or ambient temperature, and also the ORC performance assessment criterion employed for the optimization [16, 17]. Chintala et al. [18] summarized the essential considerations for selecting an appropriate organic working fluid. These include: • Ability to dissolve in lubricant oils • Safety and Ecological factors • Ease of handling • Abundant availability, and • Economic considerations. However, there are conflicting stances imposed by some of the desired features of the organic fluid on the efficiency of the ORC, safe operation, system performance and component sizing [19]. For example, high molecular weights and compressibility of working fluids enhance turbine efficiency [17] and reduces the number of stages for axial turbines, but however, high molecular weights fluids with high critical pressures require high rate of heat transfers and consequently, require bigger heat exchangers [20]. Hence, there is need for trade-offs in optimizing the ORC systems configuration and architecture for the best overall performance of the system. Guo et al., [9], investigated the effects of different pure fluids and their zeotropic mixtures considering the vital operation parameters such as expander intake temperature, degree of superheat, mass flow rate, volumetric flow, exergy destruction, as well as the effect of recuperation on the performance characteristics of an ORC utilizing the exhaust heat of a 240 MW boiler of a pulverized coal-fired power plant. They explained that there is no optimal working fluid satisfying all the indicators and recommended from their findings that: • Working fluids with high critical temperature showed better thermal efficiencies for the same operating condition, • Insufficiently large temperature difference between the critical temperature of the constituent working fluids will result into minor temperature glide which will be unable to coherently match neither heat source nor sink. • Mixture with the matching the heat sink indicates best efficiency and should be considered first when selecting working fluid, while mixture matching the heat source will yield the least total exergy destruction and reduced heat exchange area in the evaporator. Zeotropic mixtures have severally been established to provide improved first efficiency and second law efficiencies as well as significant increase in work output as a result of better matching with the source and sink temperatures. The cycle performance however, depends on the proportion of the pure fluids and can be optimally extended to cover a wide range of selection requirements [21]. The thermo-physical properties of zeotropic mixtures hence depends primarily on the composition and the varying concentrations of the constituents, however, Abadi & Kim, [10] identified four major concerns about the use of azeotropic mixtures as follows: 2PDF Image | Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications
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